I simply want to run an executable from the command line, ./arm-mingw32ce-g++, but then I get the error message,
bash: ./arm-mingw32ce-g++: No s
This error can mean that ./arm-mingw32ce-g++ doesn't exist (but it does), or that it exists and is a dynamically linked executable recognized by the kernel but whose dynamic loader is not available. You can see what dynamic loader is required by running ldd /arm-mingw32ce-g++; anything marked not found is the dynamic loader or a library that you need to install.
If you're trying to run a 32-bit binary on an amd64 installation:
:i386 packages in addition to the :amd64 packages.