I\'m writing an Android App and I\'m looking for the fastest (In terms of setup) way for me to send data to a server and receive information back on request.
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The easiest solution for you would be to use the apache http client to get and post JSON requests to a php server.
The android already has a JSON builder/parser built-in, as does PHP5, so integration is trivial, and a lot easier than using its XML/Socket counterparts.
If you want examples of how to do this the android side of things, here is a twitter API that basically communicates with twitter via their JSON rest API.