What does middleware and app.use actually mean in Expressjs?

Question

Almost every Express app I see has an app.use statement for middleware but I haven\'t found a clear, concise explanation of what middleware actually is and what

Answer 1

I add a late answer to add something not mentioned in the previous answers.

By now it should be clear that middleware is/are function(s) run between the client request and the server answer. The most common middleware functionality needed are error managing, database interaction, getting info from static files or other resources. To move on the middleware stack the next callback must be called, you can see it in the end of middleware function to move to the next step in the flow.

You can use the app.use approach and have a flow like this:

var express = require('express'),
    app = express.createServer(),                                                                                                                                                 
    port = 1337;

function middleHandler(req, res, next) {
    console.log("execute middle ware");
    next();
}

app.use(function (req, res, next) {
    console.log("first middle ware");                                                                                                             
    next();
});

app.use(function (req, res, next) {
    console.log("second middle ware");                                                                                                             
    next();
});

app.get('/', middleHandler, function (req, res) {
    console.log("end middleware function");
    res.send("page render finished");
});

app.listen(port);
console.log('start server');

but you can also use another approach and pass each middleware as function arguments. Here is a example from the MooTools Nodejs website where midleware gets the Twitter, Github and Blog flow before the response is sent back to the client. Note how the functions are passed as arguments in app.get('/', githubEvents, twitter, getLatestBlog, function(req, res){. Using app.get will only be called for GET requests, app.use will be called for all requests.

// github, twitter & blog feeds
var githubEvents = require('./middleware/githubEvents')({
    org: 'mootools'
});
var twitter = require('./middleware/twitter')();
var blogData = require('./blog/data');
function getLatestBlog(req, res, next){
    blogData.get(function(err, blog) {
        if (err) next(err);
        res.locals.lastBlogPost = blog.posts[0];
        next();
    });
}

// home
app.get('/', githubEvents, twitter, getLatestBlog, function(req, res){
    res.render('index', {
        title: 'MooTools',
        site: 'mootools',
        lastBlogPost: res.locals.lastBlogPost,
        tweetFeed: res.locals.twitter
    });
});