If I make a change to a setting in the php.ini file - do I need to restart Apache in order for it to take effect?
On Debian 8 I had to restart PHP-FPM (and Apache) The above answers are correct, but here are the commands so you won't have to googling them.
Restart Apache :
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Restart php5-fpm :
sudo service php5-fpm restart