How do the stream manipulators work?

Question

It is well known that the user can define stream manipulators like this:

ostream& tab(ostream & output)
{
    return output<< \'\\t\';
} 
         


        

Answer 1

The standard defines the following operator<< overload in the basic_ostream class template:

basic_ostream& operator<<(
    basic_ostream& (*pf) (basic_ostream&) );

Effects: None. Does not behave as a formatted output function (as described in 27.6.2.5.1).

Returns: pf(*this).

The parameter is a pointer to a function taking and returning a reference to a std::ostream.

This means that you can "stream" a function with this signature to an ostream object and it has the effect of calling that function on the stream. If you use the name of a function in an expression then it is (usually) converted to a pointer to that function.

std::hex is an std::ios_base manipulator defined as follows.

   ios_base& hex(ios_base& str);

Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_base::hex, ios_base::basefield).

Returns: str.

This means that streaming hex to an ostream will set the output base formatting flags to output numbers in hexadecimal. The manipulator doesn't output anything itself.