Why does GCC generate 15-20

Question

I first noticed in 2009 that GCC (at least on my projects and on my machines) have the tendency to generate noticeably faster code if I optimize for size (<

Answer 1

By default compilers optimize for "average" processor. Since different processors favor different instruction sequences, compiler optimizations enabled by -O2 might benefit average processor, but decrease performance on your particular processor (and the same applies to -Os). If you try the same example on different processors, you will find that on some of them benefit from -O2 while other are more favorable to -Os optimizations.

Here are the results for time ./test 0 0 on several processors (user time reported):

Processor (System-on-Chip)             Compiler   Time (-O2)  Time (-Os)  Fastest
AMD Opteron 8350                       gcc-4.8.1    0.704s      0.896s      -O2
AMD FX-6300                            gcc-4.8.1    0.392s      0.340s      -Os
AMD E2-1800                            gcc-4.7.2    0.740s      0.832s      -O2
Intel Xeon E5405                       gcc-4.8.1    0.603s      0.804s      -O2
Intel Xeon E5-2603                     gcc-4.4.7    1.121s      1.122s       -
Intel Core i3-3217U                    gcc-4.6.4    0.709s      0.709s       -
Intel Core i3-3217U                    gcc-4.7.3    0.708s      0.822s      -O2
Intel Core i3-3217U                    gcc-4.8.1    0.708s      0.944s      -O2
Intel Core i7-4770K                    gcc-4.8.1    0.296s      0.288s      -Os
Intel Atom 330                         gcc-4.8.1    2.003s      2.007s      -O2
ARM 1176JZF-S (Broadcom BCM2835)       gcc-4.6.3    3.470s      3.480s      -O2
ARM Cortex-A8 (TI OMAP DM3730)         gcc-4.6.3    2.727s      2.727s       -
ARM Cortex-A9 (TI OMAP 4460)           gcc-4.6.3    1.648s      1.648s       -
ARM Cortex-A9 (Samsung Exynos 4412)    gcc-4.6.3    1.250s      1.250s       -
ARM Cortex-A15 (Samsung Exynos 5250)   gcc-4.7.2    0.700s      0.700s       -
Qualcomm Snapdragon APQ8060A           gcc-4.8       1.53s       1.52s      -Os

In some cases you can alleviate the effect of disadvantageous optimizations by asking gcc to optimize for your particular processor (using options -mtune=native or -march=native):

Processor            Compiler   Time (-O2 -mtune=native) Time (-Os -mtune=native)
AMD FX-6300          gcc-4.8.1         0.340s                   0.340s
AMD E2-1800          gcc-4.7.2         0.740s                   0.832s
Intel Xeon E5405     gcc-4.8.1         0.603s                   0.803s
Intel Core i7-4770K  gcc-4.8.1         0.296s                   0.288s

Update: on Ivy Bridge-based Core i3 three versions of gcc (4.6.4, 4.7.3, and 4.8.1) produce binaries with significantly different performance, but the assembly code has only subtle variations. So far, I have no explanation of this fact.

Assembly from gcc-4.6.4 -Os (executes in 0.709 secs):

00000000004004d2 <_ZL3addRKiS0_.isra.0>:
  4004d2:       8d 04 37                lea    eax,[rdi+rsi*1]
  4004d5:       c3                      ret

00000000004004d6 <_ZL4workii>:
  4004d6:       41 55                   push   r13
  4004d8:       41 89 fd                mov    r13d,edi
  4004db:       41 54                   push   r12
  4004dd:       41 89 f4                mov    r12d,esi
  4004e0:       55                      push   rbp
  4004e1:       bd 00 c2 eb 0b          mov    ebp,0xbebc200
  4004e6:       53                      push   rbx
  4004e7:       31 db                   xor    ebx,ebx
  4004e9:       41 8d 34 1c             lea    esi,[r12+rbx*1]
  4004ed:       41 8d 7c 1d 00          lea    edi,[r13+rbx*1+0x0]
  4004f2:       e8 db ff ff ff          call   4004d2 <_ZL3addRKiS0_.isra.0>
  4004f7:       01 c3                   add    ebx,eax
  4004f9:       ff cd                   dec    ebp
  4004fb:       75 ec                   jne    4004e9 <_ZL4workii+0x13>
  4004fd:       89 d8                   mov    eax,ebx
  4004ff:       5b                      pop    rbx
  400500:       5d                      pop    rbp
  400501:       41 5c                   pop    r12
  400503:       41 5d                   pop    r13
  400505:       c3                      ret

Assembly from gcc-4.7.3 -Os (executes in 0.822 secs):

00000000004004fa <_ZL3addRKiS0_.isra.0>:
  4004fa:       8d 04 37                lea    eax,[rdi+rsi*1]
  4004fd:       c3                      ret

00000000004004fe <_ZL4workii>:
  4004fe:       41 55                   push   r13
  400500:       41 89 f5                mov    r13d,esi
  400503:       41 54                   push   r12
  400505:       41 89 fc                mov    r12d,edi
  400508:       55                      push   rbp
  400509:       bd 00 c2 eb 0b          mov    ebp,0xbebc200
  40050e:       53                      push   rbx
  40050f:       31 db                   xor    ebx,ebx
  400511:       41 8d 74 1d 00          lea    esi,[r13+rbx*1+0x0]
  400516:       41 8d 3c 1c             lea    edi,[r12+rbx*1]
  40051a:       e8 db ff ff ff          call   4004fa <_ZL3addRKiS0_.isra.0>
  40051f:       01 c3                   add    ebx,eax
  400521:       ff cd                   dec    ebp
  400523:       75 ec                   jne    400511 <_ZL4workii+0x13>
  400525:       89 d8                   mov    eax,ebx
  400527:       5b                      pop    rbx
  400528:       5d                      pop    rbp
  400529:       41 5c                   pop    r12
  40052b:       41 5d                   pop    r13
  40052d:       c3                      ret

Assembly from gcc-4.8.1 -Os (executes in 0.994 secs):

00000000004004fd <_ZL3addRKiS0_.isra.0>:
  4004fd:       8d 04 37                lea    eax,[rdi+rsi*1]
  400500:       c3                      ret

0000000000400501 <_ZL4workii>:
  400501:       41 55                   push   r13
  400503:       41 89 f5                mov    r13d,esi
  400506:       41 54                   push   r12
  400508:       41 89 fc                mov    r12d,edi
  40050b:       55                      push   rbp
  40050c:       bd 00 c2 eb 0b          mov    ebp,0xbebc200
  400511:       53                      push   rbx
  400512:       31 db                   xor    ebx,ebx
  400514:       41 8d 74 1d 00          lea    esi,[r13+rbx*1+0x0]
  400519:       41 8d 3c 1c             lea    edi,[r12+rbx*1]
  40051d:       e8 db ff ff ff          call   4004fd <_ZL3addRKiS0_.isra.0>
  400522:       01 c3                   add    ebx,eax
  400524:       ff cd                   dec    ebp
  400526:       75 ec                   jne    400514 <_ZL4workii+0x13>
  400528:       89 d8                   mov    eax,ebx
  40052a:       5b                      pop    rbx
  40052b:       5d                      pop    rbp
  40052c:       41 5c                   pop    r12
  40052e:       41 5d                   pop    r13
  400530:       c3                      ret