What are the differences between segment trees, interval trees, binary indexed trees and range trees?

Question

What are differences between segment trees, interval trees, binary indexed trees and range trees in terms of:

• Key idea/definition
• Applications

Answer 1

Not that I can add anything to Lior's answer, but it seems like it could do with a good table.

One Dimension

k is the number of reported results

|              | Segment       | Interval   | Range          | Indexed   |
|--------------|--------------:|-----------:|---------------:|----------:|
|Preprocessing |        n logn |     n logn |         n logn |    n logn |
|Query         |        k+logn |     k+logn |         k+logn |      logn |
|Space         |        n logn |          n |              n |         n |
|              |               |            |                |           |
|Insert/Delete |          logn |       logn |           logn |      logn |

Higher Dimensions

d > 1

|              | Segment       | Interval   | Range          | Indexed   |
|--------------|--------------:|-----------:|---------------:|----------:|
|Preprocessing |     n(logn)^d |     n logn |      n(logn)^d | n(logn)^d |
|Query         |    k+(logn)^d | k+(logn)^d |     k+(logn)^d |  (logn)^d |
|Space         | n(logn)^(d-1) |     n logn | n(logn)^(d-1)) | n(logn)^d |

These tables are created in Github Formatted Markdown - see this Gist if you want the tables formatted nicely.