If we look at the Intent.java class, we can see the members only included
private String mAction;
private Uri mData;
private String mType;
private String mPackage;
private ComponentName mComponent;
private int mFlags;
private HashSet mCategories;
private Bundle mExtras;
I do not think any of these members include sender information, making the answer to the question no. You couldn't do this for an arbitrary intent.
