Reason for the existence of non-short-circuit logical operators

Question

When used with boolean operands, & and | become logical operators per Section 15.22.2 of the JLS. Unlike &&

Answer 1

There are instances where the components of a boolean expression involve operations that you'd want to have executed in all cases. Consider the following example of checking a password for validity:

while ( !password.isValid() & (attempts++ < MAX_ATTEMPTS) ) {

    // re-prompt

}

If the second condition was not evaluated due to short-circuiting, attempts would never be incremented. Thus greater programmer flexibility is enabled.