I am looking for a way to track memory allocations in a C++ program. I am not interested in memory leaks, which seem to be what most tools are trying to find, but r
The Visual Studio IDE has built-in heap profiling support (since 2015), which is probably the easiest to start with. It has graphical views of heap usage over time, and can track allocations by function/method.

The CRT also has debug and profile support, which is more detailed and more low-level. You could track the data and plot the results using some other tool:
In particular, look at _CrtMemCheckpoint and related functions.