What is the purpose of python's inner classes?

Question

Python\'s inner/nested classes confuse me. Is there something that can\'t be accomplished without them? If so, what is that thing?

Answer 1

The main use case I use this for is the prevent proliferation of small modules and to prevent namespace pollution when separate modules are not needed. If I am extending an existing class, but that existing class must reference another subclass that should always be coupled to it. For example, I may have a utils.py module that has many helper classes in it, that aren't necessarily coupled together, but I want to reinforce coupling for some of those helper classes. For example, when I implement https://stackoverflow.com/a/8274307/2718295

:utils.py:

import json, decimal

class Helper1(object):
    pass

class Helper2(object):
    pass

# Here is the notorious JSONEncoder extension to serialize Decimals to JSON floats
class DecimalJSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):

    class _repr_decimal(float): # Because float.__repr__ cannot be monkey patched
        def __init__(self, obj):
            self._obj = obj
        def __repr__(self):
            return '{:f}'.format(self._obj)

    def default(self, obj): # override JSONEncoder.default
        if isinstance(obj, decimal.Decimal):
            return self._repr_decimal(obj)
        # else
        super(self.__class__, self).default(obj)
        # could also have inherited from object and used return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj) 

Then we can:

>>> from utils import DecimalJSONEncoder
>>> import json, decimal
>>> json.dumps({'key1': decimal.Decimal('1.12345678901234'), 
... 'key2':'strKey2Value'}, cls=DecimalJSONEncoder)
{"key2": "key2_value", "key_1": 1.12345678901234}

Of course, we could have eschewed inheriting json.JSONEnocder altogether and just override default():

:

import decimal, json

class Helper1(object):
    pass

def json_encoder_decimal(obj):
    class _repr_decimal(float):
        ...

    if isinstance(obj, decimal.Decimal):
        return _repr_decimal(obj)

    return json.JSONEncoder(obj)


>>> json.dumps({'key1': decimal.Decimal('1.12345678901234')}, default=json_decimal_encoder)
'{"key1": 1.12345678901234}'

But sometimes just for convention, you want utils to be composed of classes for extensibility.

Here's another use-case: I want a factory for mutables in my OuterClass without having to invoke copy:

class OuterClass(object):

    class DTemplate(dict):
        def __init__(self):
            self.update({'key1': [1,2,3],
                'key2': {'subkey': [4,5,6]})


    def __init__(self):
        self.outerclass_dict = {
            'outerkey1': self.DTemplate(),
            'outerkey2': self.DTemplate()}



obj = OuterClass()
obj.outerclass_dict['outerkey1']['key2']['subkey'].append(4)
assert obj.outerclass_dict['outerkey2']['key2']['subkey'] == [4,5,6]

I prefer this pattern over the @staticmethod decorator you would otherwise use for a factory function.