How to make a SPA SEO crawlable?

Question

I\'ve been working on how to make a SPA crawlable by google based on google\'s instructions. Even though there are quite a few general explanations I couldn\'t find anywhere

Answer 1

Before starting, please make sure you understand what google requires, particularly the use of pretty and ugly URLs. Now lets see the implementation:

Client Side

On the client side you only have a single html page which interacts with the server dynamically via AJAX calls. that's what SPA is about. All the a tags in the client side are created dynamically in my application, we'll later see how to make these links visible to google's bot in the server. Each such a tag needs to be able to have a pretty URL in the href tag so that google's bot will crawl it. You don't want the href part to be used when the client clicks on it (even though you do want the server to be able to parse it, we'll see that later), because we may not want a new page to load, only to make an AJAX call getting some data to be displayed in part of the page and change the URL via javascript (e.g. using HTML5 pushstate or with Durandaljs). So, we have both an href attribute for google as well as on onclick which does the job when the user clicks on the link. Now, since I use push-state I don't want any # on the URL, so a typical a tag may look like this:

There are a few important things to notice here:

1. The first route (with route:'') is for the URL which has no extra data in it, i.e. http://www.xyz.com. In this page you load general data using AJAX. There may actually be no a tags at all in this page. You will want to add the following tag so that google's bot will know what to do with it:
   . This tag will make google's bot transform the URL to www.xyz.com?_escaped_fragment_= which we'll see later.
2. The 'about' route is just an example to a link to other 'pages' you may want on your web application.
3. Now, the tricky part is that there is no 'category' route, and there may be many different categories - none of which have a predefined route. This is where mapUnknownRoutes comes in. It maps these unknown routes to the 'store' route and also removes any '!' from the URL in case it's a pretty URL generated by google's seach engine. The 'store' route takes the info in the 'fragment' property and makes the AJAX call to get the data, display it, and change the URL locally. In my application, I don't load a different page for every such call; I only change the part of the page where this data is relevant and also change the URL locally.
4. Notice the pushState:true which instructs Durandal to use push state URLs.

This is all we need in the client side. It can be implemented also with hashed URLs (in Durandal you simple remove the pushState:true for that). The more complex part (at least for me...) was the server part:

Server Side

I'm using MVC 4.5 on the server side with WebAPI controllers. The server actually needs to handle 3 types of URLs: the ones generated by google - both pretty and ugly and also a 'simple' URL with the same format as the one that appears in the client's browser. Lets look on how to do this:

Pretty URLs and 'simple' ones are first interpreted by the server as if trying to reference a non-existent controller. The server sees something like http://www.xyz.com/category/subCategory/product111 and looks for a controller named 'category'. So in web.config I add the following line to redirect these to a specific error handling controller:

Now, this transforms the URL to something like: http://www.xyz.com/Error?aspxerrorpath=/category/subCategory/product111. I want the URL to be sent to the client that will load the data via AJAX, so the trick here is to call the default 'index' controller as if not referencing any controller; I do that by adding a hash to the URL before all the 'category' and 'subCategory' parameters; the hashed URL does not require any special controller except the default 'index' controller and the data is sent to the client which then removes the hash and uses the info after the hash to load the data via AJAX. Here is the error handler controller code:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Web.Http;

using System.Web.Routing;

namespace eShop.Controllers
{
    public class ErrorController : ApiController
    {
        [HttpGet, HttpPost, HttpPut, HttpDelete, HttpHead, HttpOptions, AcceptVerbs("PATCH"), AllowAnonymous]
        public HttpResponseMessage Handle404()
        {
            string [] parts = Request.RequestUri.OriginalString.Split(new[] { '?' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
            string parameters = parts[ 1 ].Replace("aspxerrorpath=","");
            var response = Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.Redirect);
            response.Headers.Location = new Uri(parts[0].Replace("Error","") + string.Format("#{0}", parameters));
            return response;
        }
    }
}

But what about the Ugly URLs? These are created by google's bot and should return plain HTML that contains all the data the user sees in the browser. For this I use phantomjs. Phantom is a headless browser doing what the browser is doing on the client side - but on the server side. In other words, phantom knows (among other things) how to get a web page via a URL, parse it including running all the javascript code in it (as well as getting data via AJAX calls), and give you back the HTML that reflects the DOM. If you're using MS Visual Studio Express you many want to install phantom via this link.
But first, when an ugly URL is sent to the server, we must catch it; For this, I added to the 'App_start' folder the following file:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace eShop.App_Start
{
    public class AjaxCrawlableAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
    {
        private const string Fragment = "_escaped_fragment_";

        public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext)
        {
            var request = filterContext.RequestContext.HttpContext.Request;

            if (request.QueryString[Fragment] != null)
            {

                var url = request.Url.ToString().Replace("?_escaped_fragment_=", "#");

                filterContext.Result = new RedirectToRouteResult(
                    new RouteValueDictionary { { "controller", "HtmlSnapshot" }, { "action", "returnHTML" }, { "url", url } });
            }
            return;
        }
    }
}

This is called from 'filterConfig.cs' also in 'App_start':

using System.Web.Mvc;
using eShop.App_Start;

namespace eShop
{
    public class FilterConfig
    {
        public static void RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilterCollection filters)
        {
            filters.Add(new HandleErrorAttribute());
            filters.Add(new AjaxCrawlableAttribute());
        }
    }
}

As you can see, 'AjaxCrawlableAttribute' routes ugly URLs to a controller named 'HtmlSnapshot', and here is this controller:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace eShop.Controllers
{
    public class HtmlSnapshotController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult returnHTML(string url)
        {
            string appRoot = Path.GetDirectoryName(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory);

            var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
            {
                Arguments = String.Format("{0} {1}", Path.Combine(appRoot, "seo\\createSnapshot.js"), url),
                FileName = Path.Combine(appRoot, "bin\\phantomjs.exe"),
                UseShellExecute = false,
                CreateNoWindow = true,
                RedirectStandardOutput = true,
                RedirectStandardError = true,
                RedirectStandardInput = true,
                StandardOutputEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8
            };
            var p = new Process();
            p.StartInfo = startInfo;
            p.Start();
            string output = p.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd();
            p.WaitForExit();
            ViewData["result"] = output;
            return View();
        }

    }
}

The associated view is very simple, just one line of code:
@Html.Raw( ViewBag.result )
As you can see in the controller, phantom loads a javascript file named createSnapshot.js under a folder I created called seo. Here is this javascript file:

var page = require('webpage').create();
var system = require('system');

var lastReceived = new Date().getTime();
var requestCount = 0;
var responseCount = 0;
var requestIds = [];
var startTime = new Date().getTime();

page.onResourceReceived = function (response) {
    if (requestIds.indexOf(response.id) !== -1) {
        lastReceived = new Date().getTime();
        responseCount++;
        requestIds[requestIds.indexOf(response.id)] = null;
    }
};
page.onResourceRequested = function (request) {
    if (requestIds.indexOf(request.id) === -1) {
        requestIds.push(request.id);
        requestCount++;
    }
};

function checkLoaded() {
    return page.evaluate(function () {
        return document.all["compositionComplete"];
    }) != null;
}
// Open the page
page.open(system.args[1], function () { });

var checkComplete = function () {
    // We don't allow it to take longer than 5 seconds but
    // don't return until all requests are finished
    if ((new Date().getTime() - lastReceived > 300 && requestCount === responseCount) || new Date().getTime() - startTime > 10000 || checkLoaded()) {
        clearInterval(checkCompleteInterval);
        var result = page.content;
        //result = result.substring(0, 10000);
        console.log(result);
        //console.log(results);
        phantom.exit();
    }
}
// Let us check to see if the page is finished rendering
var checkCompleteInterval = setInterval(checkComplete, 300);

I first want to thank Thomas Davis for the page where I got the basic code from :-).
You will notice something odd here: phantom keeps re-loading the page until the checkLoaded() function returns true. Why is that? this is because my specific SPA makes several AJAX call to get all the data and place it in the DOM on my page, and phantom cannot know when all the calls have completed before returning me back the HTML reflection of the DOM. What I did here is after the final AJAX call I add a , so that if this tag exists I know the DOM is completed. I do this in response to Durandal's compositionComplete event, see here for more. If this does not happen withing 10 seconds I give up (it should take only a second to so the most). The HTML returned contains all the links that the user sees in the browser. The script will not work properly because the