I need some help for my problem. I have a table with e.g. a double column and a string column. If the value in the double column is negativ, the string should be \"negativ\"
You do indeed have access to the TableModel, if I'm not mistaken, through TableModelEvent.getSource().
Just to provide a basic example (mostly because the one sentance answer hardly seems like much of an answer):
TableModel model = (TableModel)te.getSource();
Double number = model.getValueAt(te.firstRow, 0);
model.setValueAt(((number < 0) ? "negativ":"positiv"), te.firstRow, 1);