I have tried some code in Java 8 (1.8.0_77) and Java 9 (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 9+181, mixed mode))
DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatte
The abbreviatiions "Mo", "Di" etc. without dot have not disappeared in CLDR but are accessible via standalone-mode. You should change your pattern using the standalone format symbol "c" instead of "e":
DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("ccc", Locale.GERMAN);
DayOfWeek mo = dtf.parse("Mo", DayOfWeek::from);
Indeed, I consider the change of underlying data as breaking backwards compatibility (concrete as behavioural break).