What's the difference between a method and a function?

Question

Can someone provide a simple explanation of methods vs. functions in OOP context?

Answer 1

Since you mentioned Python, the following might be a useful illustration of the relationship between methods and objects in most modern object-oriented languages. In a nutshell what they call a "method" is just a function that gets passed an extra argument (as other answers have pointed out), but Python makes that more explicit than most languages.

# perfectly normal function
def hello(greetee):
  print "Hello", greetee

# generalise a bit (still a function though)
def greet(greeting, greetee):
  print greeting, greetee

# hide the greeting behind a layer of abstraction (still a function!)
def greet_with_greeter(greeter, greetee):
  print greeter.greeting, greetee

# very simple class we can pass to greet_with_greeter
class Greeter(object):
  def __init__(self, greeting):
    self.greeting = greeting

  # while we're at it, here's a method that uses self.greeting...
  def greet(self, greetee):
    print self.greeting, greetee

# save an object of class Greeter for later
hello_greeter = Greeter("Hello")

# now all of the following print the same message
hello("World")
greet("Hello", "World")
greet_with_greeter(hello_greeter, "World")
hello_greeter.greet("World")

Now compare the function greet_with_greeter and the method greet: the only difference is the name of the first parameter (in the function I called it "greeter", in the method I called it "self"). So I can use the greet method in exactly the same way as I use the greet_with_greeter function (using the "dot" syntax to get at it, since I defined it inside a class):

Greeter.greet(hello_greeter, "World")

So I've effectively turned a method into a function. Can I turn a function into a method? Well, as Python lets you mess with classes after they're defined, let's try:

Greeter.greet2 = greet_with_greeter
hello_greeter.greet2("World")

Yes, the function greet_with_greeter is now also known as the method greet2. This shows the only real difference between a method and a function: when you call a method "on" an object by calling object.method(args), the language magically turns it into method(object, args).

(OO purists might argue a method is something different from a function, and if you get into advanced Python or Ruby - or Smalltalk! - you will start to see their point. Also some languages give methods special access to bits of an object. But the main conceptual difference is still the hidden extra parameter.)