This is driving the whole team crazy. There must be some simple mis-configured part of IIS or our Web Server, but every time we try to run out ASP.NET Web Application on IIS
Similar to the top answer, we were getting this incredibly unhelpful exception because of a missing IIS CORS module. It was the exact same error with Error Code (0x8007000d) and Config Source (-1: 0:), but installing the URL Rewriting module didn't fix it.
We had recently updated the web.config to enable CORS for some developers that needed it, but did not expect it would be required for all developers to install the IIS CORS module. Unfortunately it looks like it is required.
To fix it, install the IIS CORS module from here.