I put together a quick WordPress site locally using MAMP, then checked it into an SVN repo. I then checked it out on to my development server.
I didn\'t change anything
The above answers got me pretty close. In our particular case, someone at some point had added in some rules to the htaccess file in the site root and in the admin folder to block traffic from everywhere except some whitelisted IPs (when attempting to access wp-admin).
Example:
order deny,allow
Deny from all
# Allow from this IP address
allow from 123.45.67.89
Adding our IP to the whitelist in both files remedied the problem.