The second SQL statement below returns an error in phpMyAdmin:
SET @num=2000040; INSERT INTO artikel( artikel_nr, lieferant_nr, bezeichnung_1, bezeichnung_1 ) SE
By default PDOStatement::execute() doesn't throw any exception, it simply returns false on error. You have to set error handling to PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION through db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION).
PDOStatement::execute()
PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION
db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION)