I think the main problem is that your attributes are not quoted.
But it's almost always a bad idea to repeatedly update the content of a dom element in a loop—each time you update dom content it causes some internal work to be done by the browser to make sure the page layout is current.
I would build the html string up locally, then make one final update when done. (and of course make sure your attributes are quoted)
document.getElementById("outputDiv").innerHTML = "";
var newTable = "";
for(j = 1; j <= 10; j++) { //opening braces should always be on the same line in JS
newTable += "" + String.fromCharCode(j+64) + " | ";
}
newTable += "
";
document.getElementById("outputDiv").innerHTML = newTable;