I\'ve seen very similar problems in other SO questions (e.g. No source for ruby-1.9.2-p321 provided with debugger-ruby_core_source gem) as well as through a Google search, but n
The problem is that your Gemfile.lock lists an old debugger-ruby_core_source gem. That gem needs to know about your specific ruby version, to get the header files correctly, and if the version your bundle install is too old, it won't work.
The correct solution is to update your Gemfile.lock with a new version, by running
bundle update debugger-ruby_core_source
@delba's and @superuseroi's answers basically coming down to using gem to install the debugger-ruby_core_source gem directly from the source - which will pull the latest version, but fixing your bundle will be easier and will also persist in your source control (at least until you next upgrade your Ruby).
Also see this article about common Ruby gem issues