If I have an XCF file (or any other supported by Gimp) how can I convert it to, for example, PNG for display or further processing?
Very few, if any, programs other than GIMP read XCF files. This is by design from the GIMP developers, the format is not really documented or supported as a general-purpose file format.
That being said, look into using GIMP itself, using command line arguments (especially the --batch option).
EDIT: It looks as if ImageMagick does support XCF, so that is probably an easier route if the support seem so be good enough. I haven't tested it, and the documentation doesn't say much. I would be a bit wary.