Exclusion constraint on a bitstring column with bitwise AND operator

问题

So I was just reading about Exclusion Constraints in PostgreSQL and I couldn't seem to find a way to use bitwise operators on bitstrings, and I was wondering if it was possible.

My use case is I have a name: text column and a value: bit(8) column. And I wanted to create a constraint that basically says this:

ADD CONSTRAINT route_method_overlap
EXCLUDE USING gist(name WITH =, value WITH &)

But this doesn't work since

operator &(bit,bit) is not a member of operator family "gist_bit_ops"

I assume this is because the bit_ops & operator doesn't return a boolean. But is there a way to do what I'm trying to do? Is there a way to coerce operator & to cast its return value as a boolean?

Edit

Forgot the version number. This is on 9.1.4 with the "btree_gist" extension installed, all from the Ubuntu 12.04 repos. But the version doesn't matter. If there's fixes/updates upstream, I can install from the repos. I'm still in the design phase of this.

回答1:

As your edit clarified, you installed the extension btree_gist. Without it, the example would already fail at name WITH =.

CREATE EXTENSION btree_gist;

The operator classes installed by btree_gist cover many operators. Unfortunately, the & operator is not among them. Obviously because it does not return a boolean which would be expected of an operator to qualify.

---

Alternative solution

I would use a combination of a b-tree multi-column index (for speed) and a trigger instead. Consider this demo, tested on PostgreSQL 9.1:

CREATE TABLE t (
  name text 
 ,value bit(8)
);

INSERT INTO t VALUES ('a', B'10101010'); 

CREATE INDEX t_name_value_idx ON t (name, value);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trg_t_name_value_inversion_prohibited()
  RETURNS trigger AS
$func$
BEGIN
IF EXISTS (
     SELECT 1 FROM t
     WHERE (name, value) = (NEW.name, ~ NEW.value)  -- example: exclude inversion
     ) THEN

    RAISE EXCEPTION 'Your text here!';
END IF;

RETURN NEW;
END
$func$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER insup_bef_t_name_value_inversion_prohibited
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF name, value  -- only involved columns relevant!
ON t
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE trg_t_name_value_inversion_prohibited();

INSERT INTO t VALUES ('a', ~ B'10101010');  -- fails with your error msg.

• ~ is the inversion operator.

• The extension btree_gist is not required in this scenario.

• I restricted the trigger to INSERT or UPDATE of relevant columns for efficiency.

• A check constraint wouldn't work. I quote the manual on CREATE TABLE:

  Currently, CHECK expressions cannot contain subqueries nor refer to variables other than columns of the current row.

  Bold emphasis mine:

Should perform very well, actually better than the exclusion constraint, because maintenance of a b-tree index is cheaper than a GiST index. And the look-up with basic = operators should be faster than hypothetical look-ups with the & operator.

This solution is not as safe as an exclusion constraint, because triggers can more easily be circumvented - in a subsequent trigger on the same event for instance, or if the trigger is disabled temporarily. Be prepared to run extra checks on the whole table if such conditions apply.

---

More complex condition

The example trigger only catches the inversion of value. As you clarified in your comment, you actually need a condition like this instead:

IF EXISTS (
      SELECT 1 FROM t
      WHERE  name = NEW.name
      AND    value & NEW.value <> B'00000000'::bit(8)
      ) THEN

This condition is slightly more expensive, but can still use an index. The multi-column index from above would work - if you have need for it anyway. Or, slightly more efficient, a simple index on name:

CREATE INDEX t_name_idx ON t (name);

As you commented, there can only be a maximum of 8 distinct rows per name, fewer in practice. So this should still be fast.

---

Ultimate INSERT performance

If INSERT performance is paramount, especially if many attempted INSERTs fail the condition, you could do more: create a materialized view that pre-aggregated value per name:

CREATE TABLE mv_t AS 
SELECT name, bit_or(value) AS value
FROM   t
GROUP  BY 1
ORDER  BY 1;

name is guaranteed to be unique here. I'd use a PRIMARY KEY on name to provide the index we're after:

ALTER TABLE mv_t SET (fillfactor=90);

ALTER TABLE mv_t
ADD CONSTRAINT mv_t_pkey PRIMARY KEY(name) WITH (fillfactor=90);

Then your INSERT could look like this:

WITH i(n,v) AS (SELECT 'a'::text, B'10101010'::bit(8)) 
INSERT INTO t (name, value)
SELECT n, v
FROM   i
LEFT   JOIN mv_t m ON m.name = i.n
                  AND m.value & i.v <> B'00000000'::bit(8)
WHERE  m.n IS NULL;          -- alternative syntax for EXISTS (...)

The fillfactor is only useful if your table gets a lot of updates.

Update rows in the materialized view in a TRIGGER AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OF name, value OR DELETE to keep it current. The cost of the additional objects has to be weighed against the gain. Largely depends on your typical load.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11126180/exclusion-constraint-on-a-bitstring-column-with-bitwise-and-operator