Why does HTML5 recommend putting the code element inside pre?

Question

The HTML5 documentation recommends putting the code element inside the pre element, but I don't understand how this is better or more semantic than just using the code element and CSS. In their own example:

<pre><code class="language-pascal">var i: Integer;
begin
   i := 1;
end.</code></pre>

Could also be written (Making some assumptions about the browser's defaults for pre):

<style>
code {
    display: block;
    white-space: pre;
}
</style>
…
<code class="language-pascal">var i: Integer;
begin
   i := 1;
end.</code>

Even if the pre is there to distinguish a code block from an inline string of code, I don't see it being a more semantic choice than specifying the block-ness of the code in a class.

Is there a specific reason the pre is recommended over a CSS solution?

Answer 1

<code> represents only a "fragment of computer code". It was originally thought for simple code snippets like i++ or <code>.

<pre> "represents a block of preformatted text, in which structure is represented by typographic conventions rather than by elements". It's original purpose was nothing more than exactly this: provide a text in the same way it was given by the author, e.g.

+----------------------------------+
|                                  |
| WARNING! PREFORMATED TEXT AHEAD! |                      =o=
|                               __;                                  ~^
+----------------TT------------°
                 ||    _____________    _____________________
                 ||    | TO GRANDMA  >  | TOTALLY NOT A TRAP  > 
  oÖo            ||    |°°°°°°°°°°°°    °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°          
   |  ö          ||    |                |      .mm,                    
~"""~"""~"""~"""~"""~"""~~"""~"""~"""~"""~"""~"""~"""~"""~"""~""..MWMWc...~"""~""

You don't need to use each with each other. <pre> has its own roles, like <code> has its own. However, <pre> is a way to signalize that the white-space in the given fragment is important, a role that <code> is missing.

However, back to your question: note the exact wording:

The following example shows how a block of code could be marked up using the pre and code elements.

<pre><code class="language-pascal">var i: Integer;
begin
   i := 1;
end.</code></pre>

A class is used in that example to indicate the language used.

It says could, not should. You're free to do this how you want. It's not recommended by the W3C in any way, however, I personally recommend you to use <pre><code>....

Further explanation

Whenever white-space is part of your code and the structure of your code, you should state that this structure should be kept. As the structure in code is given by typographic conventions (tabs, linefeeds, spaces) I personally recommend you to use <pre><code>, even if it's arguably more code and another node in the DOM. But whenever missing white-space will render your code imperfect it's necessary.

Apart from that you can easily differ between inline code and code-blocks without checking element.className, and some JS syntax highlighter work pretty well with <pre><code>... and strip the <code> automatically.

Also, if you use a general rule for <code> with white-space:pre;, you cannot use it for inline snippets without additional classes. If you were to create a class instead, you've won nothing compared to <pre><code>.

References

• W3C: HTML5: 4.5.12 The code element (W3C Recommendation 28 October 2014)

  The code element represents a fragment of computer code. This could be an XML element name, a file name, a computer program, or any other string that a computer would recognize.

• W3C: HTML5: 4.4.3 The pre element (W3C Recommendation 28 October 2014)

  The pre element represents a block of preformatted text, in which structure is represented by typographic conventions rather than by elements.

Answer 2

CSS is for presentation.

White space is significant (not presentational) in many programming languages.

Answer 3

To represent a block of computer code, the pre element can be used with a code element;

To represent a block of computer output the pre element can be used with a samp element.

<pre><code> for block code that must not wrap. Use <code> for inline code that can wrap.

Line breaks and white spaces in the text enclosed within the <pre> tags is maintained as it is in the html document when displays on the browser.Browsers normally render <pre> text in a fixed-pitched font, with whitespace.

Answer 4

<pre> shows line breaks!

This prevent you using php function such as nl2br() or adding manually <br /> at every line end.

Regards, Ghost