I'm trying to estimate my device position related to a QR code in space. I'm using ARKit and the Vision framework, both introduced in iOS11, but the answer to this question probably doesn't depend on them.

With the Vision framework, I'm able to get the rectangle that bounds a QR code in the camera frame. I'd like to match this rectangle to the device translation and rotation necessary to transform the QR code from a standard position.

For instance if I observe the frame:

*            *      B           C   A        D   *            *

while if I was 1m away from the QR code, centered on it, and assuming the QR code has a side of 10cm I'd see:

*            *       A0  B0      D0  C0   *            *

what has been my device transformation between those two frames? I understand that an exact result might not be possible, because maybe the observed QR code is slightly non planar and we're trying to estimate an affine transform on something that is not one perfectly.

I guess the sceneView.pointOfView?.camera?.projectionTransform is more helpful than the sceneView.pointOfView?.camera?.projectionTransform?.camera.projectionMatrix since the later already takes into account transform inferred from the ARKit that I'm not interested into for this problem.

How would I fill

func get transform(   qrCodeRectangle: VNBarcodeObservation,   cameraTransform: SCNMatrix4) {   // qrCodeRectangle.topLeft etc is the position in [0, 1] * [0, 1] of A0    // expected real world position of the QR code in a referential coordinate system   let a0 = SCNVector3(x: -0.05, y: 0.05, z: 1)   let b0 = SCNVector3(x: 0.05, y: 0.05, z: 1)   let c0 = SCNVector3(x: 0.05, y: -0.05, z: 1)   let d0 = SCNVector3(x: -0.05, y: -0.05, z: 1)    let A0, B0, C0, D0 = ?? // CGPoints representing position in                           // camera frame for camera in 0, 0, 0 facing Z+    // then get transform from 0, 0, 0 to current position/rotation that sees   // a0, b0, c0, d0 through the camera as qrCodeRectangle  }

====Edit====

After trying number of things, I ended up going for camera pose estimation using openCV projection and perspective solver, solvePnP This gives me a rotation and translation that should represent the camera pose in the QR code referential. However when using those values and placing objects corresponding to the inverse transformation, where the QR code should be in the camera space, I get inaccurate shifted values, and I'm not able to get the rotation to work:

// some flavor of pseudo code below func renderer(_ sender: SCNSceneRenderer, updateAtTime time: TimeInterval) {   guard let currentFrame = sceneView.session.currentFrame, let pov = sceneView.pointOfView else { return }   let intrisics = currentFrame.camera.intrinsics   let QRCornerCoordinatesInQRRef = [(-0.05, -0.05, 0), (0.05, -0.05, 0), (-0.05, 0.05, 0), (0.05, 0.05, 0)]    // uses VNDetectBarcodesRequest to find a QR code and returns a bounding rectangle   guard let qr = findQRCode(in: currentFrame) else { return }    let imageSize = CGSize(     width: CVPixelBufferGetWidth(currentFrame.capturedImage),     height: CVPixelBufferGetHeight(currentFrame.capturedImage)   )    let observations = [     qr.bottomLeft,     qr.bottomRight,     qr.topLeft,     qr.topRight,   ].map({ (imageSize.height * (1 - $0.y), imageSize.width * $0.x) })   // image and SceneKit coordinated are not the same   // replacing this by:   // (imageSize.height * (1.35 - $0.y), imageSize.width * ($0.x - 0.2))   // weirdly fixes an issue, see below    let rotation, translation = openCV.solvePnP(QRCornerCoordinatesInQRRef, observations, intrisics)   // calls openCV solvePnP and get the results    let positionInCameraRef = -rotation.inverted * translation   let node = SCNNode(geometry: someGeometry)   pov.addChildNode(node)   node.position = translation   node.orientation = rotation.asQuaternion }

Here is the output:

where A, B, C, D are the QR code corners in the order they are passed to the program.

The predicted origin stays in place when the phone rotates, but it's shifted from where it should be. Surprisingly, if I shift the observations values, I'm able to correct this:

  // (imageSize.height * (1 - $0.y), imageSize.width * $0.x)   // replaced by:   (imageSize.height * (1.35 - $0.y), imageSize.width * ($0.x - 0.2))

and now the predicted origin stays robustly in place. However I don't understand where the shift values come from.

Finally, I've tried to get an orientation fixed relatively to the QR code referential:

    var n = SCNNode(geometry: redGeometry)     node.addChildNode(n)     n.position = SCNVector3(0.1, 0, 0)     n = SCNNode(geometry: blueGeometry)     node.addChildNode(n)     n.position = SCNVector3(0, 0.1, 0)     n = SCNNode(geometry: greenGeometry)     node.addChildNode(n)     n.position = SCNVector3(0, 0, 0.1)

The orientation is fine when I look at the QR code straight, but then it shifts by something that seems to be related to the phone rotation:

Outstanding questions I have are:

How do I solve the rotation?
where do the position shift values come from?
What simple relationship do rotation, translation, QRCornerCoordinatesInQRRef, observations, intrisics verify? Is it O ~ K^-1 * (R_3x2 | T) Q ? Because if so that's off by a few order of magnitude.

If that's helpful, here are a few numerical values:

Intrisics matrix Mat 3x3 1090.318, 0.000, 618.661 0.000, 1090.318, 359.616 0.000, 0.000, 1.000  imageSize 1280.0, 720.0 screenSize 414.0, 736.0

==== Edit2 ====

I've noticed that the rotation works fine when the phone stays horizontally parallel to the QR code (ie the rotation matrix is [[a, 0, b], [0, 1, 0], [c, 0, d]]), no matter what the actual QR code orientation is:

Other rotation don't work.

Math (Trig.):

Notes: the bottom is l (the QR code length), the left angle is k, and the top angle is i (the camera)

I suppose the problem is not in matrix. It's in vertices placement. For tracking 2D images you need to place ABCD vertices counter-clockwise (the starting point is A vertex located in imaginary origin x:0, y:0). I think Apple Documentation on VNRectangleObservation class (info about projected rectangular regions detected by an image analysis request) is vague. You placed your vertices in the same order as is in official documentation:

var bottomLeft: CGPoint var bottomRight: CGPoint var topLeft: CGPoint var topRight: CGPoint

But they need to be placed the same way like positive rotation direction (about Z axis) occurs in Cartesian coordinates system:

World Coordinate Space in ARKit (as well as in SceneKit and Vision) always follows a right-handed convention (the positive Y axis points upward, the positive Z axis points toward the viewer and the positive X axis points toward the viewer's right), but is oriented based on your session's configuration. Camera works in Local Coordinate Space.

Rotation direction about any axis is positive (Counter-Clockwise) and negative (Clockwise). For tracking in ARKit and Vision it's critically important.

The order of rotation also makes sense. ARKit, as well as SceneKit, applies rotation relative to the node’s pivot property in the reverse order of the components: first roll (about Z axis), then yaw (about Y axis), then pitch (about X axis). So the rotation order is ZYX.