Inline labels in Matplotlib

问题

In Matplotlib, it\'s not too tough to make a legend (example_legend(), below), but I think it\'s better style to put labels right on the curves being plotted (as in example_inline(), below). This can be very fiddly, because I have to specify coordinates by hand, and, if I re-format the plot, I probably have to reposition the labels. Is there a way to automatically generate labels on curves in Matplotlib? Bonus points for being able to orient the text at an angle corresponding to the angle of the curve.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def example_legend():
    plt.clf()
    x = np.linspace(0, 1, 101)
    y1 = np.sin(x * np.pi / 2)
    y2 = np.cos(x * np.pi / 2)
    plt.plot(x, y1, label=\'sin\')
    plt.plot(x, y2, label=\'cos\')
    plt.legend()

$\"Figure$

def example_inline():
    plt.clf()
    x = np.linspace(0, 1, 101)
    y1 = np.sin(x * np.pi / 2)
    y2 = np.cos(x * np.pi / 2)
    plt.plot(x, y1, label=\'sin\')
    plt.plot(x, y2, label=\'cos\')
    plt.text(0.08, 0.2, \'sin\')
    plt.text(0.9, 0.2, \'cos\')

$\"Figure$

回答1:

Nice question, a while ago I've experimented a bit with this, but haven't used it a lot because it's still not bulletproof. I divided the plot area into a 32x32 grid and calculated a 'potential field' for the best position of a label for each line according the following rules:

white space is a good place for a label
Label should be near corresponding line
Label should be away from the other lines

The code was something like this:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from scipy import ndimage


def my_legend(axis = None):

    if axis == None:
        axis = plt.gca()

    N = 32
    Nlines = len(axis.lines)
    print Nlines

    xmin, xmax = axis.get_xlim()
    ymin, ymax = axis.get_ylim()

    # the 'point of presence' matrix
    pop = np.zeros((Nlines, N, N), dtype=np.float)    

    for l in range(Nlines):
        # get xy data and scale it to the NxN squares
        xy = axis.lines[l].get_xydata()
        xy = (xy - [xmin,ymin]) / ([xmax-xmin, ymax-ymin]) * N
        xy = xy.astype(np.int32)
        # mask stuff outside plot        
        mask = (xy[:,0] >= 0) & (xy[:,0] < N) & (xy[:,1] >= 0) & (xy[:,1] < N)
        xy = xy[mask]
        # add to pop
        for p in xy:
            pop[l][tuple(p)] = 1.0

    # find whitespace, nice place for labels
    ws = 1.0 - (np.sum(pop, axis=0) > 0) * 1.0 
    # don't use the borders
    ws[:,0]   = 0
    ws[:,N-1] = 0
    ws[0,:]   = 0  
    ws[N-1,:] = 0  

    # blur the pop's
    for l in range(Nlines):
        pop[l] = ndimage.gaussian_filter(pop[l], sigma=N/5)

    for l in range(Nlines):
        # positive weights for current line, negative weight for others....
        w = -0.3 * np.ones(Nlines, dtype=np.float)
        w[l] = 0.5

        # calculate a field         
        p = ws + np.sum(w[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis] * pop, axis=0)
        plt.figure()
        plt.imshow(p, interpolation='nearest')
        plt.title(axis.lines[l].get_label())

        pos = np.argmax(p)  # note, argmax flattens the array first 
        best_x, best_y =  (pos / N, pos % N) 
        x = xmin + (xmax-xmin) * best_x / N       
        y = ymin + (ymax-ymin) * best_y / N       


        axis.text(x, y, axis.lines[l].get_label(), 
                  horizontalalignment='center',
                  verticalalignment='center')


plt.close('all')

x = np.linspace(0, 1, 101)
y1 = np.sin(x * np.pi / 2)
y2 = np.cos(x * np.pi / 2)
y3 = x * x
plt.plot(x, y1, 'b', label='blue')
plt.plot(x, y2, 'r', label='red')
plt.plot(x, y3, 'g', label='green')
my_legend()
plt.show()

And the resulting plot:

回答2:

Update: User cphyc has kindly created a Github repository for the code in this answer (see here), and bundled the code into a package which may be installed using pip install matplotlib-label-lines.

Pretty Picture:

In matplotlib it's pretty easy to label contour plots (either automatically or by manually placing labels with mouse clicks). There does not (yet) appear to be any equivalent capability to label data series in this fashion! There may be some semantic reason for not including this feature which I am missing.

Regardless, I have written the following module which takes any allows for semi-automatic plot labelling. It requires only numpy and a couple of functions from the standard math library.

Description

The default behaviour of the labelLines function is to space the labels evenly along the x axis (automatically placing at the correct y-value of course). If you want you can just pass an array of the x co-ordinates of each of the labels. You can even tweak the location of one label (as shown in the bottom right plot) and space the rest evenly if you like.

In addition, the label_lines function does not account for the lines which have not had a label assigned in the plot command (or more accurately if the label contains '_line').

Keyword arguments passed to labelLines or labelLine are passed on to the text function call (some keyword arguments are set if the calling code chooses not to specify).

Issues

Annotation bounding boxes sometimes interfere undesirably with other curves. As shown by the 1 and 10 annotations in the top left plot. I'm not even sure this can be avoided.
It would be nice to specify a y position instead sometimes.
It's still an iterative process to get annotations in the right location
It only works when the x-axis values are floats

Gotchas

By default, the labelLines function assumes that all data series span the range specified by the axis limits. Take a look at the blue curve in the top left plot of the pretty picture. If there were only data available for the x range 0.5-1 then then we couldn't possibly place a label at the desired location (which is a little less than 0.2). See this question for a particularly nasty example. Right now, the code does not intelligently identify this scenario and re-arrange the labels, however there is a reasonable workaround. The labelLines function takes the xvals argument; a list of x-values specified by the user instead of the default linear distribution across the width. So the user can decide which x-values to use for the label placement of each data series.

Also, I believe this is the first answer to complete the bonus objective of aligning the labels with the curve they're on. :)

label_lines.py:

from math import atan2,degrees
import numpy as np

#Label line with line2D label data
def labelLine(line,x,label=None,align=True,**kwargs):

    ax = line.axes
    xdata = line.get_xdata()
    ydata = line.get_ydata()

    if (x < xdata[0]) or (x > xdata[-1]):
        print('x label location is outside data range!')
        return

    #Find corresponding y co-ordinate and angle of the line
    ip = 1
    for i in range(len(xdata)):
        if x < xdata[i]:
            ip = i
            break

    y = ydata[ip-1] + (ydata[ip]-ydata[ip-1])*(x-xdata[ip-1])/(xdata[ip]-xdata[ip-1])

    if not label:
        label = line.get_label()

    if align:
        #Compute the slope
        dx = xdata[ip] - xdata[ip-1]
        dy = ydata[ip] - ydata[ip-1]
        ang = degrees(atan2(dy,dx))

        #Transform to screen co-ordinates
        pt = np.array([x,y]).reshape((1,2))
        trans_angle = ax.transData.transform_angles(np.array((ang,)),pt)[0]

    else:
        trans_angle = 0

    #Set a bunch of keyword arguments
    if 'color' not in kwargs:
        kwargs['color'] = line.get_color()

    if ('horizontalalignment' not in kwargs) and ('ha' not in kwargs):
        kwargs['ha'] = 'center'

    if ('verticalalignment' not in kwargs) and ('va' not in kwargs):
        kwargs['va'] = 'center'

    if 'backgroundcolor' not in kwargs:
        kwargs['backgroundcolor'] = ax.get_facecolor()

    if 'clip_on' not in kwargs:
        kwargs['clip_on'] = True

    if 'zorder' not in kwargs:
        kwargs['zorder'] = 2.5

    ax.text(x,y,label,rotation=trans_angle,**kwargs)

def labelLines(lines,align=True,xvals=None,**kwargs):

    ax = lines[0].axes
    labLines = []
    labels = []

    #Take only the lines which have labels other than the default ones
    for line in lines:
        label = line.get_label()
        if "_line" not in label:
            labLines.append(line)
            labels.append(label)

    if xvals is None:
        xmin,xmax = ax.get_xlim()
        xvals = np.linspace(xmin,xmax,len(labLines)+2)[1:-1]

    for line,x,label in zip(labLines,xvals,labels):
        labelLine(line,x,label,align,**kwargs)

Test code to generate the pretty picture above:

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import loglaplace,chi2

from labellines import *

X = np.linspace(0,1,500)
A = [1,2,5,10,20]
funcs = [np.arctan,np.sin,loglaplace(4).pdf,chi2(5).pdf]

plt.subplot(221)
for a in A:
    plt.plot(X,np.arctan(a*X),label=str(a))

labelLines(plt.gca().get_lines(),zorder=2.5)

plt.subplot(222)
for a in A:
    plt.plot(X,np.sin(a*X),label=str(a))

labelLines(plt.gca().get_lines(),align=False,fontsize=14)

plt.subplot(223)
for a in A:
    plt.plot(X,loglaplace(4).pdf(a*X),label=str(a))

xvals = [0.8,0.55,0.22,0.104,0.045]
labelLines(plt.gca().get_lines(),align=False,xvals=xvals,color='k')

plt.subplot(224)
for a in A:
    plt.plot(X,chi2(5).pdf(a*X),label=str(a))

lines = plt.gca().get_lines()
l1=lines[-1]
labelLine(l1,0.6,label=r'$Re=${}'.format(l1.get_label()),ha='left',va='bottom',align = False)
labelLines(lines[:-1],align=False)

plt.show()

回答3:

@Jan Kuiken's answer is certainly well-thought and thorough, but there are some caveats:

it does not work in all cases
it requires a fair amount of extra code
it may vary considerably from one plot to the next

A much simpler approach is to annotate the last point of each plot. The point can also be circled, for emphasis. This can be accomplished with one extra line:

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

for i, (x, y) in enumerate(samples):
    plt.plot(x, y)
    plt.text(x[-1], y[-1], 'sample {i}'.format(i=i))

A variant would be to use ax.annotate.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16992038/inline-labels-in-matplotlib

标签

matplotlib

charts

coordinates