Git 介绍和日常命令

git 介绍

• GitHub是一个面向开源及私有软件项目的托管平台，因为只支持git 作为唯一的版本库格式进行托管，故名GitHub。
• GitHub于2008年4月10日正式上线，除了Git代码仓库托管及基本的 Web管理界面以外，还提供了订阅、讨论组、文本渲染、在线文件编辑器、协作图谱（报表）、代码片段分享（Gist）等功能。目前，其注册用户已经超过350万，托管版本数量也是非常之多，其中不乏知名开源项目 Ruby on Rails、jQuery、python 等。
• 2018年6月4日，微软宣布，通过75亿美元的股票交易收购代码托管平台GitHub。
• 2019年05月，《个人电脑杂志》网站报道，GitHub正遭到一名黑客的入侵。据称，这名黑客先擦除代码资源库，然后向用户索要赎金，作为恢复数据的交换。

git 功能

• 分布式版本控制；
• 多个开发人员协调工作;
• 有效监听谁做的修改;
• 本地以及远程操作;

git 日常命令

git Basic Order

git init	// 初始化本地仓库
git add		// 添加文件
git status	// 查看状态
git commit	// 提交
git push	// 推送到仓库
git pull	// 从远程仓库拉取数据
git clone	// 从远程仓库拷贝数据

git install

https://git-scm.com/downloads

git start

• 在本地新建一个文件夹myapp，在命令行模式下cd到myapp文件夹下
• 在命令行中用touch命令创建index.html文件
• 第一次使用需配置用户名邮箱

git config
global user.name 'ChangJun 
git config --global user.email '779199489@qq.com
git add index.html	// 添加一个文件`
git status	// 在这个过程中随时可以使用这个命令查看状态
git init	// 增加git目录
git rm --cached index.html	// 删除添加的文件
git add .	// 上传所有文件
git commit -m ''	// 上传并备注

git operation

touch .gitignore	// 创建git忽略文件，在其中写入要忽略的文件。
git branch login	// 创建分支
git checkout login	// 切换分支
touch login.html
git add .	// 上传到当前分支
git remote add origin	// 远程仓库地址
git remote	// 检查连接
git push -u origin master	// 上传

git file upload example

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git status
On branch master

No commits yet

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        Error.java
        MyFile.java
        Position.java
        ProcessByteStream.java
        SelectByteStream.java
        Token.java

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git add *

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git push
error: src refspec refs/heads/master does not match any
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git'

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git commit 'add code'
error: pathspec 'add code' did not match any file(s) known to git

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git push
error: src refspec refs/heads/master does not match any
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git'

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git status
On branch master

No commits yet

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
        new file:   Error.java
        new file:   MyFile.java
        new file:   Position.java
        new file:   ProcessByteStream.java
        new file:   SelectByteStream.java
        new file:   Token.java

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git commit 'add'
error: pathspec 'add' did not match any file(s) known to git

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git add *

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git commit 'all'
error: pathspec 'all' did not match any file(s) known to git

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ ^C

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git pull
Your configuration specifies to merge with the ref 'refs/heads/master'
from the remote, but no such ref was fetched.

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git branch

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git commit 'aa'
error: pathspec 'aa' did not match any file(s) known to git

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git commit -m 'aa'

*** Please tell me who you are.

Run

  git config --global user.email "you@example.com"
  git config --global user.name "Your Name"

to set your account's default identity.
Omit --global to set the identity only in this repository.

fatal: unable to auto-detect email address (got 'bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K.(none)')

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ ^C

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git config --global user.email  "bj_gjz@qq.com"

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git config --global user.name "jianzhong2076"

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git commit -m 'aa'
[master (root-commit) 48e3447] aa
 6 files changed, 460 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Error.java
 create mode 100644 MyFile.java
 create mode 100644 Position.java
 create mode 100644 ProcessByteStream.java
 create mode 100644 SelectByteStream.java
 create mode 100644 Token.java

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git push
fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git/': Failed to connect to github.com port 443: Timed out

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git push
fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git/': Failed to connect to github.com port 443: Timed out

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git config --global http.proxy http://127.0.0.1:1080

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git config --global https.proxy http://127.0.0.1:1080

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git push
fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git/': Failed to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 1080: Connection refused

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is based on 'origin/master', but the upstream is gone.
  (use "git branch --unset-upstream" to fixup)

nothing to commit, working tree clean

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git pull
fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git/': Failed to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 1080: Connection refused

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git pull
fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git/': Failed to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 1080: Connection refused

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ ^C

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git config --global --unset http.proxy

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git pull
Your configuration specifies to merge with the ref 'refs/heads/master'
from the remote, but no such ref was fetched.

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git pull
fatal: 'origin master' does not appear to be a git repository
fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

Please make sure you have the correct access rights
and the repository exists.

bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git pull


bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$ git push
fatal: TaskCanceledException encountered.
   ▒▒ȡ▒▒һ▒▒▒▒▒▒
jianzhongGjzEnumerating objects: 8, done.
Counting objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Writing objects: 100% (8/8), 5.26 KiB | 2.63 MiB/s, done.
Total 8 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To https://github.com/Jianzhong2076/study.git
 * [new branch]      master -> master
bj_gj@LAPTOP-HP75CG0K MINGW64 /d/code/study (master)
$

来源：oschina

链接：https://my.oschina.net/bigShrimp2020/blog/3159959