How to implement a matrix multiplication in Keras?

问题

I just want to implement a function that given a matrix X returns the covariance matrix of X (X^T*X), which is just a simple matrix multiplication.

In Tensorflow it's gonna be easy: tf.matmul(X, tf.transpose(X))

But I didn't expect that it's a nightmare with Keras. The APIs in Keras like multiply and dot don't fit my request. I also tried different ways (Lambda layer and mixed with TF operations) but still failed, occurred lots of errors.

Hope someone may help. Thanks.

回答1:

Actually you do have the analogous in Keras. Try dot(x, transpose(x)).

A working example comparing the two platforms follows.

import keras.backend as K
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf


def cov_tf(x_val):
    x = tf.constant(x_val)
    cov = tf.matmul(x, tf.transpose(x))
    return cov.eval(session=tf.Session())

def cov_keras(x_val):
    x = K.constant(x_val)
    cov = K.dot(x, K.transpose(x))
    return cov.eval(session=tf.Session())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    x = np.random.rand(4, 5)
    delta = np.abs(cov_tf(x) - cov_keras(x)).max()
    print('Maximum absolute difference:', delta)

The maximum absolute difference is printed and gives me something around 1e-7.

回答2:

You must have a layer, and inside the layer make the calculation.

import keras.backend as K
from keras.layers import Lambda
from keras.models import Model

inp = Input((your input shape))
previousLayerOutput = SomeLayerBeforeTheCovariance(blabla)(inp)    

covar = Lambda(lambda x: K.dot(K.transpose(x),x), 
    output_shape = (your known shape of x))(previousLayerOutput)

nextOut = SomeOtherLayerAfterThat(blablabla)(covar)
lastOut = AnotherLayer(bahblanba)(nextOut)

model = Model(inp, lastOut)