Resolving a Circular Dependency between Template Classes

问题

I have two classes, Foo<T> and Bar<T>, derived from Base. Each overrides a method virtual Base* convert(ID) const, where ID is an instance of a type that uniquely identifies a particular instantiation of Foo or Bar (pretend it's an enum). The problem is that Foo::convert() needs to be able to return a Bar instance, and likewise Bar::convert() needs to be able to instantiate Foo. Since they're both templates, this results in a circular dependency between Foo.h and Bar.h. How do I resolve this?

Edit: A forward declaration does not work because the implementation of each method needs the constructor of the other class:

Foo.h:

#include <Base.h>

template<class T> class Bar;

template<class T>
class Foo : public Base { ... };

template<class T>
Base* Foo<T>::convert(ID id) const {

    if (id == BAR_INT)
        return new Bar<int>(value); // Error.

    ...

}

Bar.h:

#include <Base.h>

template<class T> class Foo;

template<class T>
class Bar : public Base { ... };

template<class T>
Base* Bar<T>::convert(ID id) const {

    if (id == FOO_FLOAT)
        return new Foo<float>(value); // Error.

    ...

}

The error is, naturally, "invalid use of incomplete type".

回答1:

What you need to do is seperate the class declarations from the implementation. So something like

template <class T> class Foo : public Base
{
    public:
    Base* convert(ID) const;
}

template <class T> class Bar : public Base
{
    public:
    Base* convert(ID) const;
}

template <class T> Base* Foo<T>::convert(ID) const {return new Bar<T>;}
template <class T> Base* Bar<T>::convert(ID) const {return new Foo<T>;}

This way, you have complete class definitions when the functions are defined.

回答2:

(Updated) You should be able to handle that the same as with non-template classes. Write your Bar.h like this. (And similarly for Foo.h)

#if !defined(BAR_H_INCLUDED)
#define BAR_H_INCLUDED

template <class T>
class Foo;

template <class T>
class Bar
{
    /// Declarations, no implementations.
}    

#include "Foo.h"

template <class T>
Base* Bar<T>::Convert() {  /* implementation here... */ }
#endif

回答3:

You should use template class forward declarations in either headers

template <class T>
class X;

is perfectly good template class forward declaration.

回答4:

James Curran's answer is a godsend. Generally speaking, James' idea is to restrict inclusion of required header files until the moment the members(' declarations) coming from included header files are needed. As an example:

t1.hh

#ifndef S_SIGNATURE
#define S_SIGNATURE

struct G; // forward declaration

template<typename T>
struct S {
  void s_method(G &);
};

#include "t2.hh" // now we only need G's member declarations

template<typename T>
void S<T>::s_method(G&g) { g.g_method(*this); }

#endif

t2.hh

#ifndef G_SIGNATURE
#define G_SIGNATURE

template<typename T>
struct S; // forward declaration

struct G {
  template<typename T>
  void g_method(S<T>&);
};

#include "t1.hh" // now we only need S' member declarations

template<typename T>
void G::g_method(S<T>& s) { s.s_method(*this); }

#endif

t.cc

#include "t1.hh"
#include "t2.hh"

S<int> s;
G g;

int main(int argc,char**argv) {
  g.g_method(s); // instantiation of G::g_method<int>(S<int>&)
}

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3353831/resolving-a-circular-dependency-between-template-classes

标签

c++

templates

circular-dependency