Laravel 5 Unit Test - Call to a member function connection() on null

问题

I tried creating a unit test for the relationships between my User and Shop models, however when I run vendor\\bin\\phpunit this error(s) are thrown, I have no idea about this since I'm a newbie in unit testing. I tried to run my code on my controller to see if the relationship actually works, and fortunately it is working as expected, but not when run in phpunit. What have I done wrong for this phpunit not to work with Models?

Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to a member function connection() on null in E:\projects\try\vendor\laravel\framework\src\Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model.php:1013

Stack trace: E:\projects\try\vendor\laravel\framework\src\Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model.php(979): Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model::resolveConnection(NULL)

This is my UserTest.php

<?php

namespace Tests\Unit;

use Tests\TestCase;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\DatabaseMigrations;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\DatabaseTransactions;

use App\User;
use App\Shop;

class UserTest extends TestCase
{

    protected $user, $shop;

    function __construct()
    {
        $this->setUp();
    }

    function setUp()
    {
        $user = new User([
            'id' => 1,
            'first_name' => 'John',
            'last_name' => 'Doe',
            'email' => 'JohnDoe@example.com',
            'password' => 'secret',
            'facebook_id' => null,
            'type' => 'customer',
            'confirmation_code' => null,
            'newsletter_subscription' => 0,
            'last_online' => null,
            'telephone' => null,
            'mobile' => null,
            'social_security_id' => null,
            'address_1' => null,
            'address_2' => null,
            'city' => null,
            'zip_code' => null,
            'signed_agreement' => 0,
            'is_email_confirmed' => 0
        ]);

        $user = User::find(1);
        $shop = new Shop([
            'id' => 1,
            'user_id' => $user->id,
            'name' => 'PureFoods Hotdog2',
            'description' => 'Something that describes this shop',
            'url' => null,
            'currency' => 'USD'
        ]);
        $user->shops()->save($shop);

        $shop = new Shop([
            'id' => 2,
            'user_id' => $user->id,
            'name' => 'PureFoods Hotdog',
            'description' => 'Something that describes this shop',
            'url' => null,
            'currency' => 'USD'
        ]);

        $user->shops()->save($shop);

        $this->user = $user;

    }

    /** @test */
    public function a_user_has_an_id(){
        $user =  User::find(1);
        $this->assertEquals(1, $user->id);
    }

    /** @test */
    public function a_user_has_a_first_name(){
        $this->assertEquals("John", $this->user->first_name);
    }

    /** @test */
    public function a_user_can_own_multiple_shops(){
        $shops = User::find(1)->shops()->get();
        var_dump($this->shops);
        $this->assertCount(2, $shops);
    }
}

It seems, this error is caused by this line of code: $user->shops()->save($shop); - this code actually works when run in my sample routes or Controller but is throwing errors when run in phpunit

User.php

<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticatable;

class User extends Authenticatable
{
    use Notifiable;

    protected $guarded = [ 'id' ];
    protected $table = "users";   

    /**
     * The attributes that should be hidden for arrays.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $hidden = [
        'password', 'remember_token',
    ];


    /**
     * returns the Shops that this user owned
     */
    public function shops(){
        return $this->hasMany('App\Shop');
    }
}

Shop.php

<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class Shop extends Model
{
    protected $guarded = [ 'id' ];
    protected $table = "shops";

    /**
     * returns the Owner of this Shop
     */
    public function owner(){
        return $this->belongsTo('App\User');
    }
}

Any help will be very much appreciated. Thanks!

回答1:

First of all, setUp() is called before every test, so you shouldn't call it from within the constructor

Second of all, you should call the parent::setUp() in your setUp() to initialize the app instance.

回答2:

Example:

<?php

class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
  private $user;

  public function setUp()
  {
    parent::setUp();

    $this->user = \App\User::first();
  }

   public function testExample()
   {
      $this->assertEquals('victor@castrocontreras.com', $this->user->email);
   }
}

回答3:

You are assigning the id '2' to both shops.

Assigning is should not be neccessary since I assume the shop table id field is an autoincrement field.

Also look into database factories in the Laravel docs, it will simplify things for you.

回答4:

Cause of the problem: you can't use Laravel Models functionality from code called in the constructor of Class UserTest - even though you put the code in the method "setUp", you unnecessarily called it from the constructor. SetUp is called by phpUnit without you needing to do it in the constructor.

When the UserTest constructor has run, the Laravel Bootstrap code has not yet been called.

When the UserTest->setUp() method is called, the Laravel Bootstrap code HAS been run, so you can use you Models etc.

class UserTest extends TestCase
{protected $user, $shop;

function __construct()
{
    $this->setUp(); // **THIS IS THE PROBLEM LINE**
}

function setUp()
{
    $user = new User([....

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42512676/laravel-5-unit-test-call-to-a-member-function-connection-on-null