何时使用虚拟析构函数？

我对大多数面向对象理论有扎实的了解，但令我困惑的一件事是虚拟析构函数。

我以为无论链中的每个对象是什么，析构函数总是被调用。

您打算何时将它们虚拟化？为什么？

#1楼

我喜欢考虑接口和接口的实现。在C ++中，接口是纯虚拟类。析构函数是接口的一部分，有望实现。因此，析构函数应该是纯虚拟的。构造函数呢？构造函数实际上不是接口的一部分，因为对象总是显式实例化的。

#2楼

虚拟构造函数是不可能的，但虚拟析构函数是可能的。让我们尝试一下...

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:
    Base(){
        cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
    }
    ~Base(){
        cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
    }
};

class Derived1: public Base
{
public:
    Derived1(){
        cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
    }
    ~Derived1(){
        cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
    }
};

int main()
{
    Base *b = new Derived1();
    delete b;
}

上面的代码输出以下内容：

Base Constructor Called
Derived constructor called
Base Destructor called

派生对象的构造遵循构造规则，但是当我们删除“ b”指针（基本指针）时，我们发现仅调用了基本析构函数。但这绝不可能发生。为了做适当的事情，我们必须将基本析构函数设为虚拟。现在让我们看看下面会发生什么：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base
{ 
public:
    Base(){
        cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
    }
    virtual ~Base(){
        cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
    }
};

class Derived1: public Base
{
public:
    Derived1(){
        cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
    }
    ~Derived1(){
        cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
    }
};

int main()
{
    Base *b = new Derived1();
    delete b;
}

输出更改如下：

Base Constructor Called
Derived Constructor called
Derived destructor called
Base destructor called

因此，基本指针（在派生对象上进行分配！）的破坏遵循破坏规则，即首先是“派生”，然后是“基”。另一方面，没有什么像虚拟构造函数。

#3楼

什么是虚拟析构函数或如何使用虚拟析构函数

类析构函数是与〜相同的类名称的函数，它将重新分配由该类分配的内存。为什么我们需要虚拟析构函数

请参阅以下带有虚拟功能的示例

该示例还说明了如何将字母转换为大写或小写

#include "stdafx.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// program to convert the lower to upper orlower
class convertch
{
public:
  //void convertch(){};
  virtual char* convertChar() = 0;
  ~convertch(){};
};

class MakeLower :public convertch
{
public:
  MakeLower(char *passLetter)
  {
    tolower = true;
    Letter = new char[30];
    strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
  }

  virtual ~MakeLower()
  {
    cout<< "called ~MakeLower()"<<"\n";
    delete[] Letter;
  }

  char* convertChar()
  {
    size_t len = strlen(Letter);
    for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
      Letter[i] = Letter[i] + 32;
    return Letter;
  }

private:
  char *Letter;
  bool tolower;
};

class MakeUpper : public convertch
{
public:
  MakeUpper(char *passLetter)
  {
    Letter = new char[30];
    toupper = true;
    strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
  }

  char* convertChar()
  {   
    size_t len = strlen(Letter);
    for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
      Letter[i] = Letter[i] - 32;
    return Letter;
  }

  virtual ~MakeUpper()
  {
    cout<< "called ~MakeUpper()"<<"\n";
    delete Letter;
  }

private:
  char *Letter;
  bool toupper;
};


int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
  convertch *makeupper = new MakeUpper("hai"); 
  cout<< "Eneterd : hai = " <<makeupper->convertChar()<<" ";     
  delete makeupper;
  convertch *makelower = new MakeLower("HAI");;
  cout<<"Eneterd : HAI = " <<makelower->convertChar()<<" "; 
  delete makelower;
  return 0;
}

从上面的示例中，您可以看到未同时调用MakeUpper和MakeLower类的析构函数。

查看带有虚拟析构函数的下一个示例

#include "stdafx.h"
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
// program to convert the lower to upper orlower
class convertch
{
public:
//void convertch(){};
virtual char* convertChar() = 0;
virtual ~convertch(){}; // defined the virtual destructor

};
class MakeLower :public convertch
{
public:
MakeLower(char *passLetter)
{
tolower = true;
Letter = new char[30];
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
virtual ~MakeLower()
{
cout<< "called ~MakeLower()"<<"\n";
      delete[] Letter;
}
char* convertChar()
{
size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
{
Letter[i] = Letter[i] + 32;

}

return Letter;
}

private:
char *Letter;
bool tolower;

};
class MakeUpper : public convertch
{
public:
MakeUpper(char *passLetter)
{
Letter = new char[30];
toupper = true;
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
char* convertChar()
{

size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
{
Letter[i] = Letter[i] - 32;
}
return Letter;
}
virtual ~MakeUpper()
{
      cout<< "called ~MakeUpper()"<<"\n";
delete Letter;
}
private:
char *Letter;
bool toupper;
};


int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{

convertch *makeupper = new MakeUpper("hai");

cout<< "Eneterd : hai = " <<makeupper->convertChar()<<" \n";

delete makeupper;
convertch *makelower = new MakeLower("HAI");;
cout<<"Eneterd : HAI = " <<makelower->convertChar()<<"\n ";


delete makelower;
return 0;
}

虚拟析构函数将显式调用类的最派生运行时析构函数，以便能够以适当的方式清除对象。

或访问链接

https://web.archive.org/web/20130822173509/http://www.programminggallery.com/article_details.php?article_id=138

#4楼

我认为这个问题的核心是关于虚拟方法和多态性，而不是专门的析构函数。这是一个更清晰的示例：

class A
{
public:
    A() {}
    virtual void foo()
    {
        cout << "This is A." << endl;
    }
};

class B : public A
{
public:
    B() {}
    void foo()
    {
        cout << "This is B." << endl;
    }
};

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    A *a = new B();
    a->foo();
    if(a != NULL)
    delete a;
    return 0;
}

将打印出：