I'm trying to find a way to compare two colors to find out how much they are alike. I can't seem to find any resources about the subject so I'm hoping to get some pointers here.
Idealy, I would like to get a score that tells how much they are alike. For example, 0 to 100, where 100 would be equal and 0 would be totally different.
Thanks!
Edit:
Getting to know a bit more about colors from the answers I understand my question was a bit vague. I will try to explain what I needed this for.
I have pixeldata (location and color) of an application window at 800x600 size so I can find out if a certain window is open or not by checking every x-interval.
However, this method fails as soon as the application is resized (the contents are scaled, not moved). I can calculate where the pixels move, but because of rounding and antialising the color can be slightly different.
Pieter's solution was good enough for me in this case, although all other responses were extremely helpfull as well, so I just upvoted everyone. I do think that ColorEye's answer is the most accurate when looking at this from a professional way, so I marked it as the answer.
What you are looking for is called Delta-E.
http://www.colorwiki.com/wiki/Delta_E:_The_Color_Difference
It is the distance between two colors in LAB color space. It is said that the human eye cannot distinguish colors below 1 DeltaE (I find that my eyes can find differences in colors below 1 DeltaE, each person is different.)
There are 4 formulas for 'color difference'.
- Delta E (CIE 1976)
- Delta E (CIE 1994)
- Delta E (CIE 2000)
- Delta E (CMC)
Check the math link on this site:
So the proper answer is to convert your RGB to LAB using the formula given, then use DeltaE 1976 to determine the 'difference' in your colors. A result of 0 would indicate identical colors. Any value higher than 0 could be judged by the rule 'A delta e of 1 or less is indistinguishable by most people'.
There's an open-source .net library that lets you do this easily: https://github.com/THEjoezack/ColorMine
The most common method for comparing colors is CIE76:
var a = new Rgb { R = 149, G = 13, B = 12 }
var b = new Rgb { R = 255, G = 13, B = 12 }
var deltaE = a.Compare(b,new Cie1976Comparison());
Converting the RGB color to the HSL color space often produces good results. Check wikipedia for the conversion formula. It is up to you to assign weights to the differences in H, the color, S, how 'deep' the color is and L, how bright it is.
Colors have different weights affecting human eye. So convert the colors to grayscale using their calculated weights:
Gray Color = .11 * B + .59 * G + .30 * R
And your difference will be (GrayColor1 - GrayColor2)*100.0/256.0
This is actually commonly used and very simple approach thats used calculating image differences in image procesing.
-edit this is the very simple and still usable formula - even in commercial applications. If you want to go deep you should check out the color difference methods called: CIE1976, CIE1994, CIE2000 and CMC Here you can find some more detailed info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_difference
Something like this:
public static int CompareColors(Color a, Color b)
{
return 100 * (int)(
1.0 - ((double)(
Math.Abs(a.R - b.R) +
Math.Abs(a.G - b.G) +
Math.Abs(a.B - b.B)
) / (256.0 * 3))
);
}
Colour perception depends on many factors and similarity can be measured in many ways. Just comparing how similar the R, G and B components are generally gives results humans won't agree with.
There's some general material on colour comparisons in wikipedia, and on working with natural colour spaces in C# in this question.
I found a interesting approach called Colour metric and adapted it to C#
public static double ColourDistance(Color e1, Color e2)
{
long rmean = ((long)e1.R + (long)e2.R) / 2;
long r = (long)e1.R - (long)e2.R;
long g = (long)e1.G - (long)e2.G;
long b = (long)e1.B - (long)e2.B;
return Math.Sqrt((((512 + rmean) * r * r) >> 8) + 4 * g * g + (((767 - rmean) * b * b) >> 8));
}
I've translated the code for DeltaE2000 on Bruce Lindbloom's page into C.
Here:
//
// deltae2000.c
//
// Translated by Dr Cube on 10/1/16.
// Translated to C from this javascript code written by Bruce LindBloom:
// http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?Eqn_DeltaE_CIE2000.html
// http://www.brucelindbloom.com/javascript/ColorDiff.js
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define Lab2k struct Lab2kStruct
Lab2k
{
float L;
float a;
float b;
};
// function expects Lab where: 0 >= L <=100.0 , -100 >=a <= 100.0 and -100 >= b <= 100.0
float
DeltaE2000(Lab2k Lab1,Lab2k Lab2)
{
float kL = 1.0;
float kC = 1.0;
float kH = 1.0;
float lBarPrime = 0.5 * (Lab1.L + Lab2.L);
float c1 = sqrtf(Lab1.a * Lab1.a + Lab1.b * Lab1.b);
float c2 = sqrtf(Lab2.a * Lab2.a + Lab2.b * Lab2.b);
float cBar = 0.5 * (c1 + c2);
float cBar7 = cBar * cBar * cBar * cBar * cBar * cBar * cBar;
float g = 0.5 * (1.0 - sqrtf(cBar7 / (cBar7 + 6103515625.0))); /* 6103515625 = 25^7 */
float a1Prime = Lab1.a * (1.0 + g);
float a2Prime = Lab2.a * (1.0 + g);
float c1Prime = sqrtf(a1Prime * a1Prime + Lab1.b * Lab1.b);
float c2Prime = sqrtf(a2Prime * a2Prime + Lab2.b * Lab2.b);
float cBarPrime = 0.5 * (c1Prime + c2Prime);
float h1Prime = (atan2f(Lab1.b, a1Prime) * 180.0) / M_PI;
float dhPrime; // not initialized on purpose
if (h1Prime < 0.0)
h1Prime += 360.0;
float h2Prime = (atan2f(Lab2.b, a2Prime) * 180.0) / M_PI;
if (h2Prime < 0.0)
h2Prime += 360.0;
float hBarPrime = (fabsf(h1Prime - h2Prime) > 180.0) ? (0.5 * (h1Prime + h2Prime + 360.0)) : (0.5 * (h1Prime + h2Prime));
float t = 1.0 -
0.17 * cosf(M_PI * ( hBarPrime - 30.0) / 180.0) +
0.24 * cosf(M_PI * (2.0 * hBarPrime ) / 180.0) +
0.32 * cosf(M_PI * (3.0 * hBarPrime + 6.0) / 180.0) -
0.20 * cosf(M_PI * (4.0 * hBarPrime - 63.0) / 180.0);
if (fabsf(h2Prime - h1Prime) <= 180.0)
dhPrime = h2Prime - h1Prime;
else
dhPrime = (h2Prime <= h1Prime) ? (h2Prime - h1Prime + 360.0) : (h2Prime - h1Prime - 360.0);
float dLPrime = Lab2.L - Lab1.L;
float dCPrime = c2Prime - c1Prime;
float dHPrime = 2.0 * sqrtf(c1Prime * c2Prime) * sinf(M_PI * (0.5 * dhPrime) / 180.0);
float sL = 1.0 + ((0.015 * (lBarPrime - 50.0) * (lBarPrime - 50.0)) / sqrtf(20.0 + (lBarPrime - 50.0) * (lBarPrime - 50.0)));
float sC = 1.0 + 0.045 * cBarPrime;
float sH = 1.0 + 0.015 * cBarPrime * t;
float dTheta = 30.0 * expf(-((hBarPrime - 275.0) / 25.0) * ((hBarPrime - 275.0) / 25.0));
float cBarPrime7 = cBarPrime * cBarPrime * cBarPrime * cBarPrime * cBarPrime * cBarPrime * cBarPrime;
float rC = sqrtf(cBarPrime7 / (cBarPrime7 + 6103515625.0));
float rT = -2.0 * rC * sinf(M_PI * (2.0 * dTheta) / 180.0);
return(sqrtf(
(dLPrime / (kL * sL)) * (dLPrime / (kL * sL)) +
(dCPrime / (kC * sC)) * (dCPrime / (kC * sC)) +
(dHPrime / (kH * sH)) * (dHPrime / (kH * sH)) +
(dCPrime / (kC * sC)) * (dHPrime / (kH * sH)) * rT
)
);
}
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3968179/compare-rgb-colors-in-c-sharp