Computing the correlation coefficient between two multi-dimensional arrays

问题

I have two arrays that have the shapes N X T and M X T. I\'d like to compute the correlation coefficient across T between every possible pair of rows n and m (from N and M, respectively).

What\'s the fastest, most pythonic way to do this? (Looping over N and M would seem to me to be neither fast nor pythonic.) I\'m expecting the answer to involve numpy and/or scipy. Right now my arrays are numpy arrays, but I\'m open to converting them to a different type.

I\'m expecting my output to be an array with the shape N X M.

N.B. When I say \"correlation coefficient,\" I mean the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.

Here are some things to note:

• The numpy function correlate requires input arrays to be one-dimensional.
• The numpy function corrcoef accepts two-dimensional arrays, but they must have the same shape.
• The scipy.stats function pearsonr requires input arrays to be one-dimensional.

回答1:

Correlation (default 'valid' case) between two 2D arrays:

You can simply use matrix-multiplication np.dot like so -

out = np.dot(arr_one,arr_two.T)

Correlation with the default "valid" case between each pairwise row combinations (row1,row2) of the two input arrays would correspond to multiplication result at each (row1,row2) position.

---

Row-wise Correlation Coefficient calculation for two 2D arrays:

def corr2_coeff(A,B):
    # Rowwise mean of input arrays & subtract from input arrays themeselves
    A_mA = A - A.mean(1)[:,None]
    B_mB = B - B.mean(1)[:,None]

    # Sum of squares across rows
    ssA = (A_mA**2).sum(1);
    ssB = (B_mB**2).sum(1);

    # Finally get corr coeff
    return np.dot(A_mA,B_mB.T)/np.sqrt(np.dot(ssA[:,None],ssB[None]))

This is based upon this solution to How to apply corr2 functions in Multidimentional arrays in MATLAB

Benchmarking

This section compares runtime performance with the proposed approach against generate_correlation_map & loopy pearsonr based approach listed in the other answer.(taken from the function test_generate_correlation_map() without the value correctness verification code at the end of it). Please note the timings for the proposed approach also include a check at the start to check for equal number of columns in the two input arrays, as also done in that other answer. The runtimes are listed next.

Case #1:

In [106]: A = np.random.rand(1000,100)

In [107]: B = np.random.rand(1000,100)

In [108]: %timeit corr2_coeff(A,B)
100 loops, best of 3: 15 ms per loop

In [109]: %timeit generate_correlation_map(A, B)
100 loops, best of 3: 19.6 ms per loop

Case #2:

In [110]: A = np.random.rand(5000,100)

In [111]: B = np.random.rand(5000,100)

In [112]: %timeit corr2_coeff(A,B)
1 loops, best of 3: 368 ms per loop

In [113]: %timeit generate_correlation_map(A, B)
1 loops, best of 3: 493 ms per loop

Case #3:

In [114]: A = np.random.rand(10000,10)

In [115]: B = np.random.rand(10000,10)

In [116]: %timeit corr2_coeff(A,B)
1 loops, best of 3: 1.29 s per loop

In [117]: %timeit generate_correlation_map(A, B)
1 loops, best of 3: 1.83 s per loop

The other loopy pearsonr based approach seemed too slow, but here are the runtimes for one small datasize -

In [118]: A = np.random.rand(1000,100)

In [119]: B = np.random.rand(1000,100)

In [120]: %timeit corr2_coeff(A,B)
100 loops, best of 3: 15.3 ms per loop

In [121]: %timeit generate_correlation_map(A, B)
100 loops, best of 3: 19.7 ms per loop

In [122]: %timeit pearsonr_based(A,B)
1 loops, best of 3: 33 s per loop

回答2:

@Divakar provides a great option for computing the unscaled correlation, which is what I originally asked for.

In order to calculate the correlation coefficient, a bit more is required:

import numpy as np

def generate_correlation_map(x, y):
    """Correlate each n with each m.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : np.array
      Shape N X T.

    y : np.array
      Shape M X T.

    Returns
    -------
    np.array
      N X M array in which each element is a correlation coefficient.

    """
    mu_x = x.mean(1)
    mu_y = y.mean(1)
    n = x.shape[1]
    if n != y.shape[1]:
        raise ValueError('x and y must ' +
                         'have the same number of timepoints.')
    s_x = x.std(1, ddof=n - 1)
    s_y = y.std(1, ddof=n - 1)
    cov = np.dot(x,
                 y.T) - n * np.dot(mu_x[:, np.newaxis],
                                  mu_y[np.newaxis, :])
    return cov / np.dot(s_x[:, np.newaxis], s_y[np.newaxis, :])

Here's a test of this function, which passes:

from scipy.stats import pearsonr

def test_generate_correlation_map():
    x = np.random.rand(10, 10)
    y = np.random.rand(20, 10)
    desired = np.empty((10, 20))
    for n in range(x.shape[0]):
        for m in range(y.shape[0]):
            desired[n, m] = pearsonr(x[n, :], y[m, :])[0]
    actual = generate_correlation_map(x, y)
    np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(actual, desired)

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30143417/computing-the-correlation-coefficient-between-two-multi-dimensional-arrays