Decorator and closures

Question

I am going through the How to make a chain of function decorators? to understand decorator.

In the following example, we see that "method_to_decorate" is accessible to wrapper function because of closures. But, I didn't understand how arguments self and lie are accessible to the wrapper function.

def method_friendly_decorator(method_to_decorate):
     def wrapper(self, lie):
         lie = lie - 3 # very friendly, decrease age even more :-)
         return method_to_decorate(self, lie)
     return wrapper

class Lucy(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.age = 32

    @method_friendly_decorator
    def sayYourAge(self, lie):
        print "I am %s, what did you think?" % (self.age + lie)

l = Lucy()
l.sayYourAge(-3)
#outputs: I am 26, what did you think?

Answer 1

The returned wrapper replaces the decorated function, and is thus treated as a method. The original sayYourAge took (self, lie) and so does the new wrapper.

So, when calling l.sayYouAge(-3) you are really calling the nested function wrapper, which is by that time a bound method. Bound methods get self passed in, and -3 is assigned to the argument lie. wrapper calls method_to_decorate(self, lie), passing these arguments on to the original decorated function.

Note that self and lie are hardcoded into the wrapper() signature; it is tightly bound to the decorated function. These were not taken from the decorated function, the programmer who wrote the wrapper knew beforehand what arguments would be expected of the wrapped version. Note that the wrapper doesn't have to match arguments with the decorated function at all.

You could add arguments, for example:

def method_friendly_decorator(method_to_decorate):
     def wrapper(self, lie, offset=-3):
         lie += offset # very friendly, adjust age even more!
         return method_to_decorate(self, lie)
     return wrapper

Now you can make Lucy lie about her age in different ways:

l.sayYourAge(-1, offset=1)  # will say "I am 32, what did you think?"