First of all, what's the difference between utf8 and utf8x in
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
when used in LaTeX?
Secondly, what packages are required when writing an article in Icelandic using LaTeX? I found:
\usepackage[icelandic]{babel}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
after experimenting a bit but I have a feeling some part of the code may be redundant. And even with them the aforementioned packages, the code inside
\begin{lstlisting}
...
\end{lstlisting}
isn't rendered with Icelandic characters when outputted through pdflatex in Ubuntu, although it works on my friend's computer (who's running Debian). What's missing?
[UTF8] is "supported" by the LaTeX team and covers a fairly specific/limited range of unicode input characters. It only defines those symbols that are known to be available with the current font encoding.
[UTF8x], AFAIK, is no longer supported, but covers a much broader range of input symbols. I would recommend only trying it if [UTF8] doesn't do what you need.
Secondly, the listings package (and most other related packages that do character scanning) does not support UTF8 input. (If it's working on a friend's machine they must be using an 8-bit input encoding instead.) The listingsutf8 package provides a UTF8-compatible replacement for \lstinputlisting but not for the main lstlisting environment. Using XeLaTeX might help you here, however.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1797841/icelandic-utf8-and-utf8x-in-latex