For example if I instantiate a std::mt19937 with the exact same seed and parameters under GCC and under MSVC, should I get the same sequence of random numbers? If so I assume this property would hold for mersenne_twister_engine in general since mt19937 is just one with specific parameters. This is not true for rand() in C. It looks like the standard documents the transformations applied in terms of specific code, so I suspect it should always be the same, but the devil is in the details...
For the new random number engines, yes, for the same seed and parameters you'll get the same sequence of values on all platforms. For rand(), no. You also don't have that guarantee with random number distributions, even when they are fed the same sequence of input values.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13589215/does-the-c11-standard-guarantee-identical-random-numbers-for-the-same-seed-acr