Is it useless to declare a local variable as rvalue-reference, e.g. T&& r = move(v)?

Question

Could you guys give me an illustrative example under certain circumstance to prove the following statements are useful and necessary?

AnyTypeMovable   v;
AnyTypeMovable&& r = move(v);

Answer 1

No, AnyTypeMovable&& r = move(v); here is not useful at all.

Consider the following code:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class MyMovableType
{
        int i;
public:
        MyMovableType(int val): i(val){}
        MyMovableType(MyMovableType&& r) { this->i = r.i; r.i = -1; }
        MyMovableType(const MyMovableType& r){ this->i = r.i; }
        int getVal(){ return i; }
};

int main()
{
        std::vector<MyMovableType> vec;
        MyMovableType a(10);
        MyMovableType&& aa = std::move(a);

        vec.push_back(aa);

        std::cout << a.getVal() << std::endl;

        return 0;

}

As aa is an l-value (as noted by R. Martinho Fernandes, and also by Xeo - a named rvalue-reference is an lvalue), this will print 10 indicating that moving has not been performed (nor in the assignment, nor in the push_back call), so you still need to std::move it to the push_back method, as in this case:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class MyMovableType
{
        int i;
public:
        MyMovableType(int val): i(val){}
        MyMovableType(MyMovableType&& r) { this->i = r.i; r.i = -1; }
        MyMovableType(const MyMovableType& r){ this->i = r.i; }
        int getVal(){ return i; }
};

int main()
{
        std::vector<MyMovableType> vec;
        MyMovableType a(10);
        MyMovableType&& aa = std::move(a);

        vec.push_back(std::move(aa));

        std::cout << a.getVal() << std::endl;

        return 0;

}

move will be performed, so the printout will be -1. So, despite the fact that you're passing aa to the push_back, you still need to pass it via std::move.

Answer 2

Note that, Named rvalue is lvalue. So you should use std::forward.

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class MyMovableType
{
        int i;
public:
        MyMovableType(int val)  noexcept   : i(val){}
        MyMovableType(MyMovableType&& r) noexcept { this->i = r.i; r.i = -1; }
        MyMovableType(const MyMovableType& r) noexcept{ this->i = r.i; }
        int getVal()const noexcept{ return i; }
};

int main()
{
        std::vector<MyMovableType> vec;
        MyMovableType a(10);
        MyMovableType&& aa = std::move(a);

        vec.push_back( std::forward<decltype(a)>(aa) );

        std::cout << a.getVal() << std::endl; // -1 printed.

        return 0;

}