Problem with chaining operator<< and operator++

Question

I'm learning C++ and I have this problem:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;


class test
{
    public:
    test(){};
    test(int i):var{i}{};

    test& operator++(){++var; return this;}  
    test  operator++(int dummy){test tmp =*this;var++;return tmp;}

    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const test&);


   private:
   int var;
};

ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, const test& obj)
{
    o<<obj.var;
    return o;
}


int main()
{
    test obj{2};
    cout << obj << endl;
    obj++;
    cout << obj << endl;
    cout << obj <<' '<< ++obj<<endl;

    return 0;
}

the output i expected was: 2 3 3 4

instead i have: 2 3 4 4

if i replace the last increment ++obj with obj++ the situation is even more weird: 2 3 4 3

it's like the stream is read in the opposite way, can you help me?

Answer 1

Let's examine how the line

cout << obj << ' ' << ++obj << endl;

is translated.

Step 1.

cout << obj

becomes

// A non-member function.
operator<<(cout, obj)

Step 2.

operator<<(cout, obj) << ' '

becomes

// Also a non-member function.
operator<<(operator<<(cout, obj), ' ')

Step 3.

operator<<(operator<<(cout, obj), ' ') << ++obj

becomes

// Also a non-member function.
operator<<(operator<<(operator<<(cout, obj), ' '), ++obj)

Step 4.

operator<<(operator<<(operator<<(cout, obj), ' '), ++obj) << endl;

becomes

// A member function.
operator<<(operator<<(operator<<(cout, obj), ' '), ++obj).operator<<(endl);

That's the entire line.

In such an expression there is no guarantee that operator<<(cout, obj) will be executed before ++obj. It appears that in your platform, ++obj is executed before operator<<(cout, obj) is executed. That explains the behavior.

Please note that the standard has changed. If you are able to use C++17, you will get the expected behavior.

Answer 2

For starters the data member i can be uninitialized if the default constructor will be used.

Either declare the data member like

int var = 0;

Or redefine the default constructor for example by using the delegating constructor.

class test
{
    public:
    test() : test( 0 ){};
    test(int i):var{i}{};
    // ...

The pre-increment operator should look like

test& operator++(){++var; return *this;}
                                 ^^^^^

In the post-increment operator the identifier dummy is not used. So remove it

test  operator++( int ){test tmp =*this;var++;return tmp;}

This statement

cout << obj <<' '<< ++obj<<endl;

has undefined behavior because reading writing the object obj are not sequenced.

You have to split this statement into two statements

cout << obj <<' ';
cout << ++obj<<endl;