lamp架构

1. lamp简介

所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。

LAMP指的是Linux（操作系统）、Apache（HTTP服务器）、MySQL（也指MariaDB，数据库软件）和PHP（有时也是指Perl或Python）的第一个字母，一般用来建立web应用平台。

2. web服务器工作流程

web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源

静态资源就是指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行的结果返回给客户端

2.1 cgi与fastcgi

CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与WEB服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。

FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时

2.2 httpd与php结合的方式

httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：

• modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
  httpd prefork：libphp5.so（多进程模型的php）
  httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php）
• CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
• FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信
  较于CGI方式，FastCGI更为常用，很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源

2.3 web工作流程

• 客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
• web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
  若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
  否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系，通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源，并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器，httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时，由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互，取之而后返回给httpd，httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。

3.环境说明

系统平台	IP	需要安装的服务
centos7 redhat7	192.168.128	httpd-2.4
centos7 redhat7	192.168.129	mysql-5.7
centos7 redhat7	192.168.130	php

lamp平台软件安装次序： httpd --> mysql --> php
注意：php要求httpd使用prefork MPM

4.安装lamp

4.1.安装httpd

[root@hua ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'
[root@hua ~]# groupadd -r apache
[root@hua ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -g apache apache 
[root@hua ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool
[root@hua ~]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@hua ~]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@hua ~]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@hua ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2  apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2  httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2
[root@hua ~]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz 
[root@hua ~]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz 
[root@hua ~]# tar xf httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz 
[root@hua ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  apr-1.6.5.tar.gz  apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz  httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
apr-1.6.5        apr-util-1.6.1    httpd-2.4.38
cd apr-1.6.5
[root@hua apr-1.6.5]# vim configure
    cfgfile="${ofile}T"
    trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
    # $RM "$cfgfile"        //将此行加上注释，或者删除此行
 [root@hua apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
 [root@hua apr-1.6.5]#  make && make install
 [root@hua ~]# cd apr-util-1.6.1
[root@hua apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@hua apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install

[root@hua apr-util-1.6.1]# cd
[root@hua ~]# cd httpd-2.4.38
[root@hua httpd-2.4.38]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
> --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
> --enable-so \
> --enable-ssl \
> --enable-cgi \
> --enable-rewrite \
> --with-zlib \
> --with-pcre \
> --with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
> --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
> --enable-modules=most \
> --enable-mpms-shared=all \
> --with-mpm=prefork

//安装后配置
[root@hua ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@hua ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@hua ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@hua ~]# echo 'MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man' >> /etc/man.config

//取消ServerName前面的注释
[root@huat ~]# sed -i '/#ServerName/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf 
[root@hua httpd-2.4.38]# apachectl start
[root@hua httpd-2.4.38]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128                *:22                             *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100        127.0.0.1:25                             *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128               :::80                            :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128               :::22                            :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100              ::1:25                            :::*                  
[root@hua httpd-2.4.38]# systemctl stop firewalld

4.2 安装mysql

[root@hua ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel
[root@hua ~]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@hua ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql
[root@hua ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@hua ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg                      mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@hua ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@hua ~]# cd /usr/local
[root@hua local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
"mysql" -> "mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/"
[root@hua local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[root@hua local]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 36 8月   9 01:09 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
[root@hua local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@hua local]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@hua local]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@hua local]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@hua local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@hua local]# ll /opt
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 8月   9 01:11 data
[root@hua local]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/2019-08-08T17:11:33.640254Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-08-08T17:11:33.937800Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-08-08T17:11:33.976766Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-08-08T17:11:34.034121Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 92b05b89-b9ff-11e9-8402-000c29b9f16b.
2019-08-08T17:11:34.034930Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-08-08T17:11:34.035758Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: Szo_qo,!u29/
[root@hua local]# echo 'Szo_qo,!u29/' >/root/passwd
[root@hua ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
"/usr/local/include/mysql" -> "/usr/local/mysql/include/"
[root@hua ~]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@hua ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
> [mysqld]
> basedir = /usr/local/mysql
> datadir = /opt/data
> socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
> port = 3306
> pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
> user = mysql
> skip-name-resolve
> EOF
[root@hua ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@hua ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@hua ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@hua ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/hua.err'.
. SUCCESS! 
[root@hua ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128                *:22                             *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100        127.0.0.1:25                             *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128               :::22                            :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100              ::1:25                            :::*                  
LISTEN     0      80                :::3306                          :::*                  
[root@hua ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@hua ~]# cat passwd 
Szo_qo,!u29/
[root@hua ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password('hua123');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

4.3安装php

[root@hua ~]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ make
[root@hua ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@hua yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@hua yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@hua yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@hua yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS7-Base-163.repo  redhat.repo  xx.repo
[root@hua yum.repos.d]# rm -rf xx.repo 
[root@hua yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
[root@hua ~]# yum -y install epel-release
[root@hua ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
[root@hua ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel  libpcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php72w-mysqlnd
[root@hua ~]# wget http://cn.php.net/distributions/php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[root@hua ~]# tar xf php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[root@hua ~]# cd php-7.2.8
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7  \
--with-config-file-path=/etc \
--enable-fpm \
--enable-inline-optimization \
--disable-debug \
--disable-rpath \
--enable-shared \
--enable-soap \
--with-openssl \
--enable-bcmath \
--with-iconv \
--with-bz2 \
--enable-calendar \
--with-curl \
--enable-exif  \
--enable-ftp \
--with-gd \
--with-jpeg-dir \
--with-png-dir \
--with-zlib-dir \
--with-freetype-dir \
--with-gettext \
--enable-json \
--enable-mbstring \
--enable-pdo \
--with-mysqli=mysqlnd \
--with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \
--with-readline \
--enable-shmop \
--enable-simplexml \
--enable-sockets \
--enable-zip \
--enable-mysqlnd-compression-support \
--with-pear \
--enable-pcntl \
--enable-posix

[root@hua php-7.2.8]# make -j $(cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep processor|wc -l)
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# make install
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/php7/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# source /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# which php
/usr/local/php7/bin/php
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# php -v
PHP 7.2.8 (cli) (built: Aug  9 2019 01:52:28) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
cp：是否覆盖"/etc/php.ini"？ y
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# vim /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# service php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm  done
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128                *:22                             *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100        127.0.0.1:25                             *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128        127.0.0.1:9000                           *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128               :::22                            :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100              ::1:25                            :::*                  
[root@hua php-7.2.8]# systemctl stop firewalld

4.4 配置apache

//启用httpd的相关模块
[root@hua~]# sed -i '/proxy_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@hua ~]# sed -i '/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@hua ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/wangqing.com
[root@hua ~]# cat > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/wangqing.com/index.php <<EOF
> <?php
>    phpinfo();
> ?>
> EOF
[root@hua ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@hua ~]# ll /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ -d
drwxr-xr-x 3 apache apache 44 8月   9 02:06 /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@hua ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//搜索AddType，添加以下内容
    # If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
    # probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
    #
    AddType application/x-compress .Z
    AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
    AddType application/x-httpd-php .php        //添加此行
    AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps        //添加此行
    
//在配置文件的最后加入以下内容
<VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wangqing.com"
    ServerName www.wangqing.com
    ProxyRequests Off
    ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wangqing.com/$1
    <Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wangqing.com">
        Options none
        AllowOverride none
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>  
[root@hua ~]# sed -i '/    DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@hua ~]# apachectl restart

报错信息
Service Unavailable
The server is temporarily unable to service your request due to maintenance downtime or capacity problems. Please try again later.

来源：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44245976/article/details/98873199