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MS SQL 统计信息浅析上篇

我是研究僧i 提交于 2019-12-22 11:25:44
统计信息概念 统计信息是一些对象,这些对象包含在表或索引视图中一列或多列中的数据分布有关的统计信息。数据库查询优化器使用这些统计信息来估计查询结果中的基数或行数。 通过这些基数估计,查询优化器可以生成高质量的执行计划。 例如,查询优化器可以使用基数估计选择索引查找运算符而不是耗费更多资源的索引扫描运算符,从而提高查询性能。[参考MSDN] 其实如果你以前没有接触过统计信息,你可以将其看做是数据库为了得到最优的执行计划,统计数据库里面表、索引等对象的一些数据,例如表的记录数、所有列的平均长度、直方图....等一些优化器需要用到的数据信息。SQL查询优化器是一个基于成本的优化器,类似于ORACLE里面的CBO,那么优化器如果要得到成本最低的执行计划,就需要收集获取其生成执行计划的参考依据(统计信息数据) 如果你对这些概念性的东西比较模糊的话,那么为了让你形象的认识一下统计信息,请看下图: 统计信息参数 数据库的统计信息相关参数有三个: 自动创建统计信息(Auto Create Statistics)、自动更新统计信息(Auto Update Statistics)、自动异步更新统计信息(Auto Update Statistics Asynchronously),它们都是数据库级别的。 自动创建统计信息( Auto Create Statistics )

Java: Bitwise operation for flag checking

别来无恙 提交于 2019-12-22 09:22:08
问题 I'm trying to check whether or not a number has the second bit flag (ie 0000 0010). My code is as follows: int flags = Integer.parseInt(fields[1]); String strflags = Integer.toBinaryString(flags); flags = Integer.parseInt(strflags); int secondBitTest = Integer.parseInt("00000010", 2); if((flags & secondBitTest) == 2) { System.out.println("YES"); } However I think I might be doing this wrong, since when I try to input 147 nothing is returned. 回答1: You can check if any bit is set using this

PCM音量控制

≡放荡痞女 提交于 2019-12-22 02:23:37
http://blog.jianchihu.net/pcm-volume-control.html 一.声音的相关概念 声音是介质振动在听觉系统中产生的反应。声音总可以被分解为不同频率不同强度正弦波的叠加(傅里叶变换)。 声音有两个基本的物理属性: 频率 与 振幅 。声音的振幅就是音量,频率的高低就是指音调,频率用赫兹(Hz)作单位。人耳只能听到20Hz到20khz范围的声音。 模拟音频 (Analogous Audio),用连续的电流或电压表示的音频信号,在时间和振幅上是连续。在过去记录声音记录的都是模拟音频,比如机械录音(以留声机、机械唱片为代表)、光学录音(以电影胶片为代表)、磁性录音(以磁带录音为代表)等模拟录音方式。 数字音频 (Digital Audio),通过采样和量化技术获得的离散性(数字化)音频数据。计算机内部处理的是二进制数据,处理的都是数字音频,所以需要将模拟音频通过采样、量化转换成有限个数字表示的离散序列(即实现音频数字化)。 采样频率 (Sampling Rate),单位时间内采集的样本数,是采样周期的倒数,指两个采样之间的时间间隔。采样频率必须至少是信号中最大频率分量频率的两倍,否则就不能从信号采样中恢复原始信号,这其实就是著名的香农采样定理。CD音质采样率为 44.1 kHz,其他常用采样率:22.05KHz,11.025KHz

Swift - Convert UInt8 byte to array of bits

半世苍凉 提交于 2019-12-21 20:39:00
问题 I'm trying to decode a protobuff encoded message, so I need to convert the first byte (the key) in the protobuff message into bits, so I can find the field number. How do I convert a UInt8 (the byte) into an array of bits? Pseudo Code private func findFieldNum(from byte: UInt8) -> Int { //Byte is 0001 1010 var fieldNumBits = byte[1] ++ byte[2] ++ byte[3] ++ byte[4] //concatentates bits to get 0011 getFieldNum(from: fieldNumBits) //Converts 0011 to field number, 2^1 + 2^0 = 3 } I saw this

Why does this function count the number of set bits in an integer

僤鯓⒐⒋嵵緔 提交于 2019-12-21 20:18:48
问题 I was asked the following question in an interview: int foofoo(unsigned int u) { unsigned int foo = u; do{ u = u/2; foo -= u; }while(u > 0); return foo; } I was asked to tell what does this function do and I was able to find that it counts the number of set bits in an unsigned int value, but I was not able to prove that, maybe someone can? 回答1: I was able to find that it counts the number of set bits in an unsigned int value, but I was not able to prove that, maybe someone can? Look at a

Why does this function count the number of set bits in an integer

眉间皱痕 提交于 2019-12-21 20:18:09
问题 I was asked the following question in an interview: int foofoo(unsigned int u) { unsigned int foo = u; do{ u = u/2; foo -= u; }while(u > 0); return foo; } I was asked to tell what does this function do and I was able to find that it counts the number of set bits in an unsigned int value, but I was not able to prove that, maybe someone can? 回答1: I was able to find that it counts the number of set bits in an unsigned int value, but I was not able to prove that, maybe someone can? Look at a

why endianess matters among bits inside a byte?

雨燕双飞 提交于 2019-12-21 17:39:04
问题 the following is the IP structure from library on a linux machine struct ip { #if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN unsigned int ip_hl:4; /* header length */ unsigned int ip_v:4; /* version */ #endif #if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN unsigned int ip_v:4; /* version */ unsigned int ip_hl:4; /* header length */ #endif u_int8_t ip_tos; /* type of service */ u_short ip_len; /* total length */ u_short ip_id; /* identification */ u_short ip_off; /* fragment offset field */ #define IP_RF 0x8000 /*

将音频wav转成pcm

流过昼夜 提交于 2019-12-21 08:07:27
ffmpeg -y -i input.wav -f s16le -ac 1 -ar 16000 output.pcm 其中 -y 强行覆盖 -f 输出音频的格式 s16le :PCM unsigned 16-bit little-endian -ac audio channe -ar audio radio 来源: CSDN 作者: 凌晨4点半 链接: https://blog.csdn.net/lnlhn/article/details/103593081

Extract n most significant non-zero bits from int in C++ without loops

余生颓废 提交于 2019-12-21 04:59:07
问题 I want to extract the n most significant bits from an integer in C++ and convert those n bits to an integer. For example int a=1200; // its binary representation within 32 bit word-size is // 00000000000000000000010010110000 Now I want to extract the 4 most significant digits from that representation, i.e. 1111 00000000000000000000010010110000 ^^^^ and convert them again to an integer (1001 in decimal = 9). How is possible with a simple c++ function without loops? 回答1: Some processors have an

51单片机bit、sbin、sfr、sfr_16有什么区别?

南笙酒味 提交于 2019-12-20 23:12:42
51单片机bit、sbin、sfr、sfr_16区别分析 1.bit和sbit都是C51扩展的变量类型。 bit和int char之类的差不多,只不过char=8位, bit=1位而已。都是变量,编译器在编译过程中分配地址。除非你指定,否则这个地址是随机的。这个地址是整个可寻址空间,RAM+FLASH+扩展空间。bit只有0和1两种值,意义有点像Windows下VC中的BOOL。 sbit是对应可位寻址空间的一个位,可位寻址区:20H~2FH。一旦用了sbi xxx = REGE^6这样的定义,这个sbit量就确定地址了。sbit大部分是用在寄存器中的,方便对寄存器的某位进行操作的。 2.bit位标量 bit位标量是C51编译器的一种扩充数据类型,利用它可定义一个位标量,但不能定义位指针,也不能定义位数组。它的值是一个二进制位,不是0就是1,类似一些高级语言中的Boolean类型中的True和False。 3.sfr特殊功能寄存器 sfr也是一种扩充数据类型,点用一个内存单元,值域为0~255。利用它可以访问51单片机内部的所有特殊功能寄存器。如用sfr P1 = 0x90这一句定P1为P1端口在片内的寄存器,在后面的语句中我们用以用P1 = 255(对P1端口的所有引脚置高电平)之类的语句来操作特殊功能寄存器。 sfr P1 = 0x90; //定义P1 I/O 口,其地址90H