Duck typing, must it be dynamic?

问题:

Wikipedia used to say* about duck-typing:

In computer programming with object-oriented programming languages, duck typing is a style of dynamic typing in which an object's current set of methods and properties determines the valid semantics, rather than its inheritance from a particular class or implementation of a specific interface.

_{(* Ed. note: Since this question was posted, the Wikipedia article has been edited to remove the word "dynamic".)}

It says about structural typing:

A structural type system (or property-based type system) is a major class of type system, in which type compatibility and equivalence are determined by the type's structure, and not through explicit declarations.

It contrasts structural subtyping with duck-typing as so:

[Structural systems] contrasts with ... duck typing, in which only the part of the structure accessed at runtime is checked for compatibility.

However, the term duck-typing seems to me at least to intuitively subsume structural sub-typing systems. In fact Wikipedia says:

The name of the concept [duck-typing] refers to the duck test, attributed to James Whitcomb Riley which may be phrased as follows: "when I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck."

So my question is: why can't I call structural subtyping duck-typing? Do there even exist dynamically typed languages which can't also be classified as being duck-typed?

Postscript:

As someone named daydreamdrunk on reddit.com so eloquently put-it "If it compiles like a duck and links like a duck ..."

Post-postscript

Many answers seem to be basically just rehashing what I already quoted here, without addressing the deeper question, which is why not use the term duck-typing to cover both dynamic typing and structural sub-typing? If you only want to talk about duck-typing and not structural sub-typing, then just call it what it is: dynamic member lookup. My problem is that nothing about the term duck-typing says to me, this only applies to dynamic languages.

回答1:

C++ and D templates are a perfect example of duck typing that is not dynamic. It is definitely:

typing in which an object's current set of methods and properties determines the valid semantics, rather than its inheritance from a particular class or implementation of a specific interface.

You don't explicitly specify an interface that your type must inherit from to instantiate the template. It just needs to have all the features that are used inside the template definition. However, everything gets resolved at compile time, and compiled down to raw, inscrutable hexadecimal numbers. I call this "compile time duck typing". I've written entire libraries from this mindset that implicit template instantiation is compile time duck typing and think it's one of the most under-appreciated features out there.

回答2:

Structural Type System

A structural type system compares one entire type to another entire type to determine whether they are compatible. For two types A and B to be compatible, A and Bevery method on A and on B must have the same signature.

Duck Typing

Duck typing considers two types to be equivalent for the task at hand if they can both handle that task. For two types A and B to be equivalent to a piece of code that wants to write to a file, A and B both must implement a write method.

Summary

Structural type systems compare every method signature (entire structure). Duck typing compares the methods that are relevant to a specific task (structure relevant to a task).

回答3: