数据分析之pandas常见的数据处理(四)

匿名 (未验证) 提交于 2019-12-02 22:56:40
方法 说明
count 计数
describe 给出各列的常用统计量
min,max 最大最小值
argmin,argmax 最大最小值的索引位置(整数)
idxmin,idxmax 最大最小值的索引值
quantile 计算样本分位数
sum,mean 对列求和,均值
mediam 中位数
mad 根据平均值计算平均绝对离差
var,std 方差,标准差
skew 偏度(三阶矩)
Kurt 峰度(四阶矩)
cumsum 累积和
Cummins,cummax 累计组大致和累计最小值
cumprod 累计积
diff 一阶差分
pct_change 计算百分数变化
df[df.isnull()]  #判断是够是Nan,None返回的是个true或false的Series对象 df[df.notnull()]  #dropna(): 过滤丢失数据 #df3.dropna(axis=0, how='any', thresh=None, subset=None, inplace=False) df.dropna()                 #将所有含有nan项的row删除 df.dropna(axis=1,thresh=3)  #将在列的方向上三个为NaN的项删除 df.dropna(how='ALL')        #将全部项都是nan的row删除  df.dropna()与data[data.notnull()]  #效果一致  #fillna(): 填充丢失数据 #前置填充  axis = 0 行 #后置填充  axis = 1 列 df3.fillna(value=None, method=None, axis=None, inplace=False, limit=None, downcast=None) df.fillna({1:0, 2:0.5})         #对第一列nan值赋0,第二列赋值0.5 df.fillna(method='ffill')   #在列方向上以前一个值作为值赋给NaN 
print frame.drop(['a']) print frame.drop(['Ohio'], axis = 1)

drop函数默认删除行,列需要加axis = 1

采用drop方法,有下面三种等价的表达式:

1. DF= DF.drop('column_name', axis=1); 2. DF.drop('column_name',axis=1, inplace=True) 3. DF.drop([DF.columns[[0,1, 3]]], axis=1, inplace=True)

注意:凡是会对原数组作出修改并返回一个新数组的,往往都有一个 inplace可选参数。如果手动设定为True(默认为False),那么原数组直接就被替换。也就是说,采用inplace=True之后,原数组名(如2和3情况所示)对应的内存值直接改变;

而采用inplace=False之后,原数组名对应的内存值并不改变,需要将新的结果赋给一个新的数组或者覆盖原数组的内存位置(如1情况所示)。

df['Name'] = df['Name'].astype(np.datetime64)

DataFrame.astype() 方法可对整个DataFrame或某一列进行数据格式转换,支持Python和NumPy的数据类型。

df.duplicated() 返回boolean列表,重复为True

df.drop_duplicates() 删除重复元素即值为True的列行

参数列表

  • subset : column label or sequence of labels, optional
    用来指定特定的列,默认所有列
  • keep : {‘first’, ‘last’, False}, default ‘first’
    删除重复项并保留第一次出现的项
  • inplace : boolean, default False
    是直接在原来数据上修改还是保留一个副本
# 判断是否重复 data.duplicated()` #移除重复数据 data.drop_duplicated() #对指定列判断是否存在重复值,然后删除重复数据 data.drop_duplicated(['key1'])  df = DataFrame({'color':['white','white','red','red','white'],                'value':[2,1,3,3,2]}) display(df,df.duplicated(),df.drop_duplicates())  #输出: color   value 0   white   2 1   white   1 2   red 3 3   red 3 4   white   2 0    False 1    False 2    False 3     True 4     True dtype: bool color   value 0   white   2 1   white   1 2   red     3

1 replace() 替换元素 replace({索引键值对})

df = DataFrame({'item':['ball','mug','pen'],                'color':['white','rosso','verde'],                'price':[5.56,4.20,1.30]}) newcolors = {'rosso':'red','verde':'green'} display(df,df.replace(newcolors))  #输出:     color   item    price 0   white   ball    5.56 1   rosso   mug 4.20 2   verde   pen 1.30     color   item    price 0   white   ball    5.56 1   red mug 4.20 2   green   pen 1.30  2.replace还经常用来替换NaN元素  df2 = DataFrame({'math':[100,139,np.nan],'English':[146,None,119]},index = ['张三','李四','Tom']) newvalues = {np.nan:100} display(df2,df2.replace(newvalues))  #输出:     English math 张三  146.0   100.0 李四  NaN 139.0 Tom 119.0   NaN English math 张三  146.0   100.0 李四  100.0   139.0 Tom 119.0   100.0

2 map()函数:新建一列

map(函数,可迭代对象) map(函数/{索引键值对})

map中返回的数据是一个具体值,不能迭代.

df3 = DataFrame({'color':['red','green','blue'],'project':['math','english','chemistry']}) price = {'red':5.56,'green':3.14,'chemistry':2.79} df3['price'] = df3['color'].map(price) display(df3)  #输出: color   project price 0   red     math        5.56 1   green   english     3.14 2   blue    chemistry   NaN   df3 = DataFrame({'zs':[129,130,34],'ls':[136,98,8]},index = ['张三','李四','倩倩']) display(df3) display(df3['zs'].map({129:'你好',130:'非常好',34:'不错'})) display(df3['zs'].map({129:120})) def mapscore(score):     if score<90:         return 'failed'     elif score>120:         return 'excellent'     else:         return 'pass' df3['status'] = ddd['zs'].map(mapscore) df3  输出:       zs  ls 张三  129 136 李四  130 98 倩倩  34  8  张三     你好 李四    非常好 倩倩     不错 Name: zs, dtype: object          张三    120.0 李四      NaN 倩倩      NaN Name: zs, dtype: float64 Out[96]: ls    zs    status 张三  136 129 excellent 李四  98  130 excellent 倩倩  8   34  failed

3 rename()函数:替换索引 rename({索引键值对})

df4 = DataFrame({'color':['white','gray','purple','blue','green'],'value':np.random.randint(10,size = 5)}) new_index = {0:'first',1:'two',2:'three',3:'four',4:'five'} display(df4,df4.rename(new_index))  #输出:     color   value 0   white   2 1   gray    0 2   purple  9 3   blue    2 4   green   0 color   value first   white   2 two     gray    0 three   purple  9 four    blue    2 five    green   0

1 使用describe()函数查看每一列的描述性统计量

df = DataFrame(np.random.randint(10,size = 10)) display(df.describe())               0 count   10.000000 mean    5.900000 std 2.685351 min 1.000000 25% 6.000000 50% 7.000000 75% 7.750000 max 8.000000

2 使用std()函数可以求得DataFrame对象每一列的标准差

df.std()  #输出: 0    3.306559 dtype: float64

3 根据每一列的标准差,对DataFrame元素进行过滤。
借助any()函数,对每一列应用筛选条件,any过滤出所有符合条件的数据

display(df[(df>df.std()*3).any(axis = 1)]) df.drop(df[(np.abs(df) > (3*df.std())).any(axis=1)].index,inplace=True) display(df,df.shape)  输出:     0   1 2   7   9 6   8   8 9   8   1 0   1 0   5   0 1   3   3 3   3   5 4   2   4 5   7   6 7   1   6 8   7   7 (7, 2)

使用take()函数排序
可以借助np.random.permutation()函数随机排序

df5 = DataFrame(np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)) new_order = np.random.permutation(5) display(new_order) display(df5,df5.take(new_order))  #输出 array([4, 2, 3, 1, 0])     0   1   2   3   4 0   0   1   2   3   4 1   5   6   7   8   9 2   10  11  12  13  14 3   15  16  17  18  19 4   20  21  22  23  24     0   1   2   3   4 4   20  21  22  23  24 2   10  11  12  13  14 3   15  16  17  18  19 1   5   6   7   8   9 0   0   1   2   3   4

groupby()函数

import pandas as pd df = pd.DataFrame([{'col1':'a', 'col2':1, 'col3':'aa'}, {'col1':'b', 'col2':2, 'col3':'bb'}, {'col1':'c', 'col2':3, 'col3':'cc'}, {'col1':'a', 'col2':44, 'col3':'aa'}]) display(df) # 按col1分组并按col2求和 display(df.groupby(by='col1').agg({'col2':sum}).reset_index()) # 按col1分组并按col2求最值 display(df.groupby(by='col1').agg({'col2':['max', 'min']}).reset_index()) # 按col1 ,col3分组并按col2求和 display(df.groupby(by=['col1', 'col3']).agg({'col2':sum}).reset_index())
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import pandas as pd import numpy as np from datetime import datetime ''' 分组groupby ''' df=pd.DataFrame({'key1':['a','a','b','b','a'],                  'key2':['one','two','one','two','one'],                  'data1':np.arange(5),                  'data2':np.arange(5)}) print(df) #   key1 key2  data1  data2 # 0    a  one      0      0 # 1    a  two      1      1 # 2    b  one      2      2 # 3    b  two      3      3 # 4    a  one      4      4   ''' 根据分组进行计算 ''' #按key1分组,计算data1的平均值 grouped=df['data1'].groupby(df['key1']) print(grouped.mean()) # a    1.666667 # b    2.500000   #按key1和key2分组,计算data1的平均值 groupedmean=df['data1'].groupby([df['key1'],df['key2']]).mean() print(groupedmean) # key1  key2 # a     one     2 #       two     1 # b     one     2 #       two     3   #列变行 print(groupedmean.unstack()) # key2  one  two # key1 # a       2    1 # b       2    3   df['key1']#获取出来的数据series数据   #groupby分组键可以是series还可以是数组 states=np.array(['Oh','Ca','Ca','Oh','Oh']) years=np.array([2005,2005,2006,2005,2006]) print(df['data1'].groupby([states,years]).mean()) # Ca  2005    1.0 #     2006    2.0 # Oh  2005    1.5 #     2006    4.0   #直接将列名进行分组,非数据项不在其中,非数据项会自动排除分组 print(df.groupby('key1').mean()) #          data1     data2 # key1 # a     1.666667  1.666667 # b     2.500000  2.500000   #将入key2分组 print(df.groupby(['key1','key2']).mean()) #            data1  data2 # key1 key2 # a    one       2      2 #      two       1      1 # b    one       2      2 #      two       3      3   #size()方法,返回含有分组大小的Series,得到分组的数量 print(df.groupby(['key1','key2']).size()) # key1  key2 # a     one     2 #       two     1 # b     one     1 #       two     1   ''' 对分组信息进行迭代 '''   #将a,b进行分组 for name,group in df.groupby('key1'):     print(name)     print(group) # a #   key1 key2  data1  data2 # 0    a  one      0      0 # 1    a  two      1      1 # 4    a  one      4      4 # b #   key1 key2  data1  data2 # 2    b  one      2      2 # 3    b  two      3      3   #根据多个建进行分组 for (k1,k2),group in df.groupby(['key1','key2']):     print(name)     print(group) #  key1 key2  data1  data2 # 0    a  one      0      0 # 4    a  one      4      4 # b #   key1 key2  data1  data2 # 1    a  two      1      1 # b #   key1 key2  data1  data2 # 2    b  one      2      2 # b #   key1 key2  data1  data2 # 3    b  two      3      3    ''' 选取一个或一组列,返回的Series的分组对象 ''' #对于groupBy对象,如果用一个或一组列名进行索引。就会聚合 print(df.groupby(df['key1'])['data1'])#根据key1分组,生成data1的数据     print(df.groupby(['key1'])[['data1','data2']].mean())#根据key1分组,生成data1,data2的数据 #        data1     data2 # key1 # a     1.666667  1.666667 # b     2.500000  2.500000   print(df.groupby(['key1','key2'])['data1'].mean()) # key1  key2 # a     one     2 #       two     1 # b     one     2 #       two     3     ''' 通过函数进行分组 ''' #加入你能根据人名长度进行分组的话,就直接传入len函数   print(people.groupby(len,axis=1).sum())#杭州3是三个字母 #       2     3 # a  30.0  20.0 # b  23.0  21.0 # c  26.0  22.0 # d  42.0  23.0 # e  46.0  24.0   #还可以和数组、字典、列表、Series混合使用 key_list=['one','one','one','two','two'] print(people.groupby([len,key_list],axis=1).min()) #     2           3 #    one   two   two # a  0.0  15.0  20.0 # b  1.0  16.0  21.0 # c  2.0  17.0  22.0 # d  3.0  18.0  23.0 # e  4.0  19.0  24.0   ''' 根据索引级别分组 ''' columns=pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([['US',"US",'US','JP','JP'],[1,3,5,1,3]],names=['cty','tenor']) hier_df=pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(4,5),columns=columns) print(hier_df) # cty          US                            JP # tenor         1         3         5         1         3 # 0     -1.507729  2.112678  0.841736 -0.158109 -0.645219 # 1      0.355262  0.765209 -0.287648  1.134998 -0.440188 # 2      1.049813  0.763482 -0.362013 -0.428725 -0.355601 # 3     -0.868420 -1.213398 -0.386798  0.137273  0.678293   #根据级别分组 print(hier_df.groupby(level='cty',axis=1).count()) # cty  JP  US # 0     2   3 # 1     2   3 # 2     2   3 # 3     2   3

1 可以使用pd.merge()函数包聚合操作的计算结果添加到df的每一行

d1={'item':['luobo','baicai','lajiao','donggua','luobo','baicai','lajiao','donggua'],    'color':['white','white','red','green','white','white','red','green'],    'weight':np.random.randint(10,size = 8),    'price':np.random.randint(10,size = 8)} df = DataFrame(d1) sums = df.groupby('color').sum().add_prefix('total_')  items = df.groupby('item')['price','weight'].sum()  means = items['price']/items['weight']  means = DataFrame(means,columns=['means_price'])  df2 = pd.merge(df,sums,left_on = 'color',right_index = True)  df3 = pd.merge(df2,means,left_on = 'item',right_index = True) display(df2,df3)   #输出: color   item    price   weight 0   white   luobo   9   2 1   white   baicai  5   9 2   red lajiao  5   8 3   green   donggua 1   1 4   white   luobo   7   4 5   white   baicai  8   0 6   red lajiao  6   8 7   green   donggua 4   3 total_price total_weight color        green   5   4 red 11  16 white   29  15 pandas.core.frame.DataFrame pandas.core.frame.DataFrame Out[141]:         color   item    price   weight  total_price total_weight 0       white   luobo   9       2           29          15 1       white   baicai  5       9           29          15 4       white   luobo   7       4           29          15 5       white   baicai  8       0           29          15 2       red     lajiao  5       8           11          16 6       red     lajiao  6       8           11          16 3       green   donggua 1       1           5           4 7       green   donggua 4       3           5           4

2 可以使用transform和apply实现相同功能

使用transform

d1={'item':['luobo','baicai','lajiao','donggua','luobo','baicai','lajiao','donggua'],    'color':['white','white','red','green','white','white','red','green'],    'weight':np.random.randint(10,size = 8),    'price':np.random.randint(10,size = 8)} df = DataFrame(d1) sum1 = df.groupby('color')['price','weight'].sum().add_prefix("total_") sums2 = df.groupby('color')['price','weight'].transform(lambda x:x.sum()).add_prefix('total_') sums3 = df.groupby('color')['price','weight'].transform(sum).add_prefix('total_') display(sum,df,sum1,sums2,sums3)  输出: <function sum> color   item    price   weight 0   white   luobo   7   7 1   white   baicai  7   7 2   red lajiao  2   7 3   green   donggua 6   6 4   white   luobo   1   2 5   white   baicai  3   6 6   red lajiao  7   0 7   green   donggua 0   2 total_price total_weight color        green   6   8 red 9   7 white   18  22 total_price total_weight 0   18  22 1   18  22 2   9   7 3   6   8 4   18  22 5   18  22 6   9   7 7   6   8 total_price total_weight 0   18  22 1   18  22 2   9   7 3   6   8 4   18  22 5   18  22 6   9   7 7   6   8

使用apply

def sum_price(x):     return x.sum() sums3 = df.groupby('color')['price','weight'].apply(lambda x:x.sum()).add_prefix('total_') sums4 = df.groupby('color')['price','weight'].apply(sum_price).add_prefix('total_') display(df,sums3,sums4)  输出: color   item    price   weight 0   white   luobo   4   4 1   white   baicai  0   3 2   red lajiao  0   4 3   green   donggua 7   5 4   white   luobo   3   1 5   white   baicai  3   3 6   red lajiao  0   6 7   green   donggua 0   7 total_price total_weight color        green   7   12 red 0   10 white   10  11 totals_price    totals_weight color        green   7   12 red 0   10 white   10  11
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